語法復(fù)習(xí)八：動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)（1）
一、動詞的分類和形式：
動詞是表示動作和狀態(tài)的詞。動詞有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣3種形式的變化。
1、動詞按其能否獨立作謂語而分為："謂語動詞"和"非謂語動詞"兩種
2、動詞的4種基本形式：動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。
3、動詞按其構(gòu)成動詞詞組作用分為：實義動詞、連系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。1）實義動詞分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。還可分為持續(xù)性動詞和瞬間動詞；2）連系動詞有兩種：一種表特征或狀態(tài)，另一種表狀態(tài)變化過程。
4、五種不同的短語動詞：1）"動詞+介詞"；2）"動詞+副詞"；3）"動詞+副詞+介詞"；4）"動詞+名詞（或代詞）+介詞"；5）"be+形容詞（包括相當(dāng)于形容詞的過去分詞+介詞"。
二、動詞的時態(tài)：
1、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法：1）表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。2）表示主語的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客觀事實或真理。4）表示按照計劃安排好的將來行為。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等開始或移動意義的詞。）
2、一般過去時的用法：1）表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)。2）敘述過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的事情。3）表示過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。
3、一般將來時的用法：1）表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。2）表示將來的經(jīng)常動作。
4、現(xiàn)在進行時的用法：1）表示說話時正在進行的動作。2）表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。（說話時動作不一定進行。）
5、過去進行進的用法：1）過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作。2）表示移動的動詞：come, start, stay, leave, go等詞的過去進行時可以表示過去的將來要發(fā)生的動作。3）was going to do可以表示在過去某一時間之后發(fā)生的動作。
6、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法：1）表示剛剛完成的動作，常與just連用。2）表示過去發(fā)生而持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，甚至延續(xù)到將來。常與since, for連用，但for, since不能與終止性的動詞連用。3）表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
7、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，它表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果、影響。一般過去時通常表示在過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的動作，與現(xiàn)在沒什么聯(lián)系。2）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的行為；一般過去時著重過去某一時刻的某一具體動作。
8、過去完成的用法：1）表示在過去某一或動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。常與by, before等介詞短語或一個狀語從句或上下文暗示。2）表示由過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作，常和for（有時可省去）或since 構(gòu)成的短語或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。
9、過去將來時的用法：表示對于過去某一時刻而言將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
練習(xí)一：動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)（1）
1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.
A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played
2. She ______ the door before she goes away.
A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.
3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.
A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching
4. What _____ if I drink this?
A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened
5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.
A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let
6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.
A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would
7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.
A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came
8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.
A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done
9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "
A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing
10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come
11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.
A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed
12. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it B. have been writing it
C. wrote it D. am writting it
13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,
A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to
14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.
A. didn't say B. couldn't speak to C. said D. didn't tell
15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built
16. " When ______ school begin?" " Next Monday. "
A. has B. does C. did D. is going to
17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.
A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return
18. I _____ here since I moved here.
A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working
19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
20. It was said that his father ______.
A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died
21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.
A. had come B. came C. will come D. come
22._____six years since I began studying English.
A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are
23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into
24. "How long haven't we seen each other? ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. "
A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met
25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. "
A. it was not being held B. they didn't hold
C. it had not held D. they were holding it
26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.
A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped
27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere." "I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. "
A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put
C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put
28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. will come D. comi