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2006考研英語(yǔ)作文沖刺之小作文大技巧
2006考研英語(yǔ)作文沖刺之小作文大技巧
一、 要求：考生根據(jù)所給情景寫(xiě)出一篇約100詞（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不計(jì)算在內(nèi)）的應(yīng)用性短文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、報(bào)告等�？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。滿(mǎn)分10分。
注意事項(xiàng)：
1）格式：稱(chēng)呼，結(jié)尾，署名
2）簡(jiǎn)明扼要，清楚明確。
3）遵照要求，內(nèi)容齊全。
4）言語(yǔ)得體，真心誠(chéng)意。
二、備忘錄
備忘錄是一種錄以備忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等級(jí)是比較低的，主要用來(lái)提醒、督促對(duì)方，或就某個(gè)問(wèn)題提出自己的意見(jiàn)或看法。在業(yè)務(wù)上，它一般用來(lái)補(bǔ)充正式文件的不足。它的內(nèi)容可以分為以下幾項(xiàng)：
書(shū)端（Heading）
收文人的姓名、頭銜、地址（Addressee's Name, Title, Address）
稱(chēng)呼(Salutation)
事因(Subject)
正文（Body）
結(jié)束語(yǔ)（Complimentary Close）
署名（Signature）
寫(xiě)作注意事項(xiàng)
1、書(shū)端部分包括發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)的名稱(chēng)、地址、發(fā)文日期，有的還包括電報(bào)掛號(hào)、電傳號(hào)、電話(huà)號(hào)碼等。許多機(jī)關(guān)有自己特制的信箋，在寫(xiě)書(shū)端時(shí)，其格式和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用與一般信件的相同。
2、稱(chēng)呼從左邊頂格寫(xiě)起，對(duì)一般機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體的負(fù)責(zé)人一般用 Dear Sir， 對(duì)政府官員可用Sir。
3、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)和署名等項(xiàng)與一般信件的格式相同�！笆乱颉币豁�(xiàng)目前采用得較少。
·名師指點(diǎn)：考研英語(yǔ)作文高分的秘密 ·06年考研英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作大全備忘錄模版
范文
Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.
MEMO
August 16, 2005
To: The leader of student service department
From: Li Ming
Subject: Telephone
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.
We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.
Regards. Yours,Li Ming
三、摘要
文章摘要是對(duì)所寫(xiě)文章主要內(nèi)容的精煉概括。美國(guó)人稱(chēng)摘要為“Abstract”，而英國(guó)人則喜歡稱(chēng)其為“Summary”。
通常國(guó)際刊物要求所要刊登的文章字?jǐn)?shù)，包括摘要部分不超過(guò)1萬(wàn)字。而對(duì)文章摘要部分的字?jǐn)?shù)要求則更少。因此寫(xiě)摘要時(shí)，應(yīng)用最為簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)論文之精華。論文摘要的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在所研究的成果和結(jié)論上。
國(guó)際會(huì)議要求的論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)不等，一般為200字-500字。而國(guó)際刊物要求所刊登的論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，內(nèi)容上涵蓋全文，并直接點(diǎn)明全旨。語(yǔ)言上要求盡量簡(jiǎn)煉。摘要通常多采用第三人稱(chēng)撰寫(xiě)。
科學(xué)書(shū)籍、論文和學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告一般都附有內(nèi)容摘要，這樣可以節(jié)省讀者的時(shí)間，使他們不必讀完整個(gè)文章就能夠了解它的主要內(nèi)容。書(shū)籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；論文和學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要應(yīng)做到簡(jiǎn)明扼要，切題，能獨(dú)立成文，使讀者能準(zhǔn)確地了解書(shū)籍的要義。寫(xiě)摘要時(shí)，最好用第三人稱(chēng)的完整的陳述句，文長(zhǎng)一般不超過(guò)200個(gè)詞。
英文摘要分類(lèi)
摘要分陳述性的（Deive）和資料性的（Informational）兩類(lèi)。陳述性摘要只陳述書(shū)籍或文章的主題，不介紹內(nèi)容。資料性的摘要除了介紹主題外，還應(yīng)介紹文章的要點(diǎn)和各個(gè)要點(diǎn)的主要內(nèi)容。它可以包括三個(gè)組成部分：
�、冱c(diǎn)明主題，解析文章或書(shū)籍的目的或意圖；
�、诮榻B主要內(nèi)容，使讀者迅速了解文章或書(shū)籍的概貌；
�、厶岢鼋Y(jié)論或建議，以供讀者參考。
英文摘要常見(jiàn)句型
1）This paper deals with...
2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...
3）This eassy presents knowledge that...
4）This thesis discusses...
5）This thesis analyzes...
6）This paper provides an overview of...
7)This paper elaborates on ...
8）This article gives an overview of...
9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.
10）This paper includes discussions concerning...
11)This paper presents up to date information on...
12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
13)This paper addresses important topics including...
14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...
17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...
18)This paper considers...
19)This paper provides a method of ...
20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...
摘要題型寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)：
�、� 動(dòng)筆之前，考生一定要認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地閱讀所給原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要點(diǎn)。
�、� 摘要的長(zhǎng)度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考試時(shí)應(yīng)遵守規(guī)定的字?jǐn)?shù)限制。
�、� 在做摘要時(shí)考生切忌照搬原文。
�、� 摘要應(yīng)與原文的觀點(diǎn)保持一致，并且仍按原文的邏輯順序排列。
�、� 重點(diǎn)反映主要觀點(diǎn)，刪除細(xì)節(jié)。
�、� 簡(jiǎn)化從句，用簡(jiǎn)短的語(yǔ)句代替冗長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)句。
�、� 檢查與修改時(shí)，考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點(diǎn)或包含了細(xì)節(jié)。
摘要題型寫(xiě)作實(shí)例
① 試題題目
Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.
We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.
② 原文要點(diǎn)：
1. continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors
2. avoid talking about death
�、� 參考摘要：
People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.(84 words)
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