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虛擬語(yǔ)氣教案設(shè)計(jì)
第三章 虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣（the subjunctive mood），又稱假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣，是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示說(shuō)話人敘述的內(nèi)容與事實(shí)相反，在現(xiàn)實(shí)中并不存在，或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性很小。
一、動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣
語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)區(qū)別講話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)氣(mood)有三種，分別是陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
1.陳述語(yǔ)氣
陳述語(yǔ)氣一般用來(lái)敘述事實(shí)或就事實(shí)提出詢問(wèn)，主要用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句和某些感嘆句。
Where there is a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。
Can you help me carry the box upstairs 你能幫我把箱子搬到樓上嗎？
How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念鄉(xiāng)村的生活啊！
2.祈使語(yǔ)氣
祈使語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或下達(dá)命令。
Come this way, please! 請(qǐng)這邊走。
Don't make any noise, will you 別吵，行嗎？
Do be careful when crossing the street. 過(guò)馬路時(shí)一定要小心。
3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鳥(niǎo)，我就能在空中飛行。
I wish it were spring all the year round. 但愿四季如春。
May good luck be yours! 祝你好運(yùn)！
二、條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
英語(yǔ)中條件從句有兩類，一類是真實(shí)條件句，另一類是非真實(shí)條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生，是真實(shí)條件句；如果假設(shè)的情況是不存在的或不大可能發(fā)生的，則是虛擬條件句。
A．真實(shí)條件句
真實(shí)條件句表示的假設(shè)是可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him. 如果他八點(diǎn)不來(lái)，我們就不等他了。
If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 過(guò)去發(fā)生洪水的話，常有很大的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨，我們將去那里。
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean. 如果你能保持車子干凈，我就讓你用我的自行車。
B．非真實(shí)條件句
在含有非真實(shí)條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其構(gòu)成有三種形式：
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 if條件句的謂語(yǔ)：were did
主句的謂：would (couldshouldmight) + do
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 if條件句的謂語(yǔ)：had done
主句的謂：would(couldshouldmight) + have done
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反 if條件句的謂語(yǔ)：didwere
主句的謂：should do would (couldshouldmight) + do were to do
1． 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的條件
條件從句用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（be動(dòng)詞用were），主句用should（第一人稱）或would（全部人稱）+動(dòng)詞原形�？捎们閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞could, might代替should, would表示情態(tài)。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的話，我就去看望我的朋友。
If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你，我就去試試。
If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.
如果幻想能成為馬匹，叫花子都有了坐騎
? would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他們把我當(dāng)奴隸對(duì)待，我就走。
2．表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件
條件從句用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句用should（第一人稱）或would（全部人稱）+have done，也可用could, might代替should, would。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的電話號(hào)碼，我就給你打電話了。
If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是沒(méi)下雨，我就去買(mǎi)東西了。
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs. 倘若我們沒(méi)有修建這么多的水庫(kù)，洪水就會(huì)使人民遭受巨大的損失。
3． 表示在將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件
表示在將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件從句有三種形式：
�、� weredid
條件從句用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式（be動(dòng)詞用were），主句用should（第一人稱）或would（全部人稱）+動(dòng)詞原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。
If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在這里的話，我就和他談?wù)劇?/p>
If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下來(lái)，會(huì)打碎的。
If she had time, she could help me. 她要是有時(shí)間，就會(huì)幫我了。
�、� should do
條件從句中不管什么人稱都用should do，可表示有偶然實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。
If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨，莊稼可能就有救了。
We would trust him if he should be honest. 如果他真是誠(chéng)實(shí)的，那我們就相信他。
③ were to do
條件從句用were + to do。這種形式比較正式，常出現(xiàn)在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，其假設(shè)成份很大，實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小。
If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做這項(xiàng)工作，我就會(huì)以不同的方式去做。
If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校長(zhǎng)來(lái)了，我們對(duì)他說(shuō)什么呢？
對(duì)比：
將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的三種非真實(shí)條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣對(duì)比
If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的話，我就留在家里。
�。ǔＳ眯问剑�
If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的話，我就留在家里。
�。ǹ赡苄暂^�。�
If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天要下雪的話，我就留在家里。（可能性最�。�
C．省略if的條件句
在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，非真實(shí)條件句中有were, had, should時(shí)，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主語(yǔ)前，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Were it necessary, I might go without delay. 如果需要的話，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary......）
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam. 你要是聽(tīng)了我的建議，就不會(huì)考試不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......）
Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有時(shí)間，我就去看她。（= If I should have time......）
D．錯(cuò)綜條件句
虛擬條件句中的主句和從句涉及的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，這時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)形式應(yīng)按照各自動(dòng)作發(fā)生的實(shí)際時(shí)間來(lái)表達(dá)。
If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看電視，你現(xiàn)在也就不會(huì)這么困了。（從句yesterday說(shuō)明過(guò)去，主句now說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在）
If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他們今天一早就離開(kāi)家的話，再過(guò)半小時(shí)他們就該到了。（從句說(shuō)明過(guò)去，主句說(shuō)明將來(lái)。）
If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻猶豫不決，你將來(lái)會(huì)吃苦頭的。（從句說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在，主句說(shuō)明將來(lái)）
注意：
在很多情況下，我們也可以用was來(lái)代替當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第一人稱或第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)的were。
If were here tomorrow...
也可以說(shuō)成：If he was here tomorrow...
I wish I were a bird.
也可以說(shuō)成：I sish I was a bird.
但倒裝句型中的were不可被was來(lái)替換。
Were I in your position,I would not do it.如果我處在你的位置，我是不會(huì)干這件事的。
E．含蓄條件句
非真實(shí)條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表達(dá)出來(lái)，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況：
1．條件暗含在短語(yǔ)中
He would not get such a result without your help. 沒(méi)有你的幫助，他就不會(huì)有今天的成果。(條件暗含在介詞短語(yǔ)without your help中)
But for you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你，我就不會(huì)恢復(fù)得這么快。(條件暗含在But for you中)
This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同樣的事，如發(fā)生在過(guò)去，就會(huì)釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語(yǔ)happening in the past中)
He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well. 他一定是去過(guò)那兒，否則他絕不會(huì)對(duì)那個(gè)地方如此熟悉。(暗含條件是連詞or)
2．條件可根據(jù)上下文推理出
It would do you no good. 這可能會(huì)對(duì)你沒(méi)好處。(條件可能是if you should give up the job 如果你放棄這項(xiàng)工作的話)
They could have won. 他們本來(lái)是會(huì)贏的。(條件可能是if they had been patient 如果他們有耐心的話)
Such mistakes could have been avoided. 這種錯(cuò)誤完全能避免。（條件可能是if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一點(diǎn)的話）
Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you. 為什么你不告訴我？我會(huì)幫助你的。（條件可能是if you had told me about it
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