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高考真題試卷電子版
在日常學(xué)習(xí)、工作生活中,許多人都需要跟試卷打交道,作為學(xué)生,想要成績提升得快,那么平時就一定要進行寫練習(xí),寫試卷,那么問題來了,一份好的試卷是什么樣的呢?以下是小編收集整理的高考真題試卷電子版,歡迎大家借鑒與參考,希望對大家有所幫助。
2024年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試(全國甲卷)
語 文
使用地區(qū):四川、寧夏、內(nèi)蒙古、青海、陜西
本試卷滿分150分,考試時間150分鐘。
一、現(xiàn)代文閱讀(36分)
(二)實用類文本閱讀(本題共3小題,12分)
閱讀下面的文字,完成下面小題。
“偷梁換柱”多指以假代真,用欺騙的手段改變事物的性質(zhì),然而在古建筑工程領(lǐng)域,“偷梁換柱”卻屬于一種科學(xué)實用的修繕加固方法。
梁是截面形狀一般為長方形的木料,且木料的長度尺寸遠大于截面尺寸。梁為水平放置,兩端的底部有支撐構(gòu)件。梁主要用于承擔(dān)建筑上部構(gòu)件及屋頂?shù)娜恐亓浚堰@些重量向下傳給支撐構(gòu)件。柱為梁的支撐構(gòu)件。柱子截面形狀一般為圓形,長度尺寸遠大于截面直徑。柱子為豎向放置,主要用于承擔(dān)上部梁傳來的重量,并向下傳遞給下部的梁或直接傳至地面。梁與柱采用榫卯形式連接,形成穩(wěn)固的大木結(jié)構(gòu)體系。位于屋架內(nèi)的若干梁在豎向被層層往上“抬”,上下梁之間由短柱支撐,底部的梁由立于地面的立柱支撐。梁、柱均為中國木結(jié)構(gòu)古建筑的核心受力、傳力構(gòu)件,缺一不可。
對于古建筑而言,立于地面的立柱,或因長期承受上部結(jié)構(gòu)傳來的重量而產(chǎn)生開裂殘損,或因柱底部位長期受到地面潮氣影響而出現(xiàn)糟朽殘損,這導(dǎo)致木柱強度下降,無法正常支撐梁。此時可采用“偷梁換柱”的加固方法!巴盗簱Q柱”實際就是“托梁換柱”。其基本做法為:首先將“假柱”(即臨時的豎向支撐構(gòu)件)安裝在梁底部、原柱(原有立柱)旁邊;再抽去原柱,使梁傳來的重量暫時由“假柱”承擔(dān);然后安裝新柱,新柱的材料、尺寸及安裝位置與原有立柱相同;最后將“假柱”移去。
完善的“偷梁換柱”加固方法具有科學(xué)性,其原理主要包括三個方面:其一,從梁的角度而言,它是水平受力構(gòu)件,并把外力向下傳給立柱。梁只有保持水平穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),才能保證整個大木結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定。在加固古建筑的過程中,梁始終受到支托,因而能一直保持水平穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。其二,從柱的角度而言,它是豎向支撐構(gòu)件,并最終把上部構(gòu)件的重量傳給地基。只有立柱具有充足的承載力,且與梁有可靠連接時,才能有效承擔(dān)梁傳來的作用力。加固過程中,技術(shù)人員雖然將原柱抽去,但是預(yù)先將“假柱”設(shè)置于原柱附近,讓“假柱”代替原柱發(fā)揮支撐作用,因而換柱過程對結(jié)構(gòu)整體的穩(wěn)定基本無影響。換柱完成后,新柱與原柱有著同樣的材料、尺寸,且與梁有著相同的可靠連接方式,它完全能夠代替原柱發(fā)揮支撐作用。其三,從梁、柱整體結(jié)構(gòu)角度而言,“偷梁換柱”方法對整體結(jié)構(gòu)干擾小,且能達到良好的加固效果:原柱被新柱原位替換,新柱不僅有很好的支撐作用,而且與梁仍有可靠連接;“假柱”僅用于加固過程的臨時支撐,且在原柱撤去后新柱安裝前,能夠與梁臨時組成穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)體系。因此,在“偷梁換柱”過程中,梁、柱結(jié)構(gòu)整體始終處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。
中國古建筑大木構(gòu)架剖面示意圖
。ㄕ幾灾芮豆蕦m建筑細探》)
4. 下列對原文相關(guān)內(nèi)容的理解和分析,不正確的一項是( )
A. “偷梁換柱”這一成語在現(xiàn)今的使用中多含有貶義的色彩,但在古建筑工程領(lǐng)域,它是指一種修繕加固的科學(xué)方法,完全沒有貶義。
B. 中國古建筑大木構(gòu)架剖面示意圖展示了幾種不同位置、不同尺寸的柱,這些柱子中,立于地面的立柱比較容易發(fā)生糟朽殘損的情況。
C. 結(jié)合圖文可以發(fā)現(xiàn),屋頂?shù)闹亓坑缮蠈又袚?dān),然后傳給梁,再由梁傳遞給其下的短柱,依次向下傳遞,最終由底部的立柱傳至地面。
D. “偷梁換柱”的加固方法包括托梁、抽柱、換柱等步驟,在每一個步驟中梁一直會得到很好的支撐,從而始終能夠保持水平穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。
5. 請根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容,在下面文段的橫線處補寫出恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語。
工程實例:故宮太和殿是我國最大的木構(gòu)大殿,明清兩代帝王即位或節(jié)日慶典都在此舉行。2004年,技術(shù)人員在對太和殿進行勘查時,發(fā)現(xiàn)有一根立柱下部三分之一的位置出現(xiàn)了嚴重糟朽,于是采取了“偷梁換柱”的方法對該立柱進行加固。具體過程如下:先使用“假柱”托住原柱上部的梁!凹僦睘橥旰玫哪玖希话惭b在_________附近,用于臨時支撐梁。再把柱子底部糟朽部分抽去,以便用_________代替。原柱糟朽部分去掉后,剩余的部分做成巴掌形,與新柱搭接。新柱與被抽去的糟朽部分同材料、同形狀、同尺寸,且頂部亦做成巴掌榫形狀。最后再把_________拆除,即完成了原有立柱的加固。
6. 清代的古籍中有另一種“偷梁換柱”的記載:當(dāng)某根立柱損壞需要更換時,為節(jié)省工料,工匠只是在原柱旁邊設(shè)一根新柱,再撤去原柱。為什么第2題“工程實例”中,太和殿修繕沒有采用這種更簡便的加固方式呢?請簡要分析。
【答案】4. C 5. ①. 原柱 ②. 新柱 ③. 假柱
6. ①新柱如果沒有原位替換原柱,可能會改變建筑原結(jié)構(gòu)的受力和傳力方式,影響整體的穩(wěn)定性;
、谔偷钍侵袊畲蟮哪緲(gòu)大殿,建造之初工匠們應(yīng)該經(jīng)過了精心的測量,原位替換才是最佳的解決方案;
③太和殿的修繕加固追求最大程度地保持文物原貌,節(jié)省工料不是優(yōu)先考慮的因素。
【解析】
【4題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生理解、分析文章內(nèi)容和理解圖表的能力。
C.“屋頂重量由上層柱承擔(dān),然后傳給梁”錯誤,原文第二段“梁為水平放置”“梁主要用于承擔(dān)建筑上部構(gòu)件及屋頂?shù)娜恐亓浚堰@些重量向下傳給支撐構(gòu)件”,示意圖中線條指示的橫著的木料是“梁”,它承擔(dān)屋頂?shù)娜恐亓。選項受力、傳力分析不對。
故選C。
【5題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生篩選整合信息、根據(jù)文本信息進行判斷推理和情境補寫的能力。
試題以故宮太和殿的修繕工程實例為題面,要求學(xué)生在理解“偷梁換柱”全過程,尤其是原柱、“假柱”、新柱三者關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上,補寫空缺內(nèi)容。
題干中“具體過程如下”可對應(yīng)材料第三段的“其基本做法為……”。
第①處,“被安裝在……附近”,對應(yīng)材料的“首先將‘假柱’(即臨時的豎向支撐構(gòu)件)安裝在梁底部、原柱(原有立柱)旁邊”或第四段“預(yù)先將‘假柱’設(shè)置于原柱附近”,“附近”與“旁邊”意思相近,故填“原柱”。
第②處,“以便用……代替”,對應(yīng)“使梁傳來的重量暫時由‘假柱’承擔(dān);然后安裝新柱,新柱的材料、尺寸及安裝位置與原有立柱相同”或第四段“原柱被新柱原位替換”,“假柱”只是代替原柱發(fā)揮支撐作用,真正用于替換的應(yīng)該是“新柱”,故填“新柱”。
第③處,“最后再把……拆除”,對應(yīng)“最后將‘假柱’移去”,“假柱”的引號不能刪除,因為表示特定稱謂,故填“‘假柱’”。
【6題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生篩選并整合信息、根據(jù)文本信息進行判斷推理的能力。
題干中的方法“更簡便”,但是由材料和上一題的信息可知:完善的“偷梁換柱”加固方法具有科學(xué)性。
首先,從受力分析角度看,原文第四段從三個角度“從梁的角度而言……保證整個大木結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定”“從柱的角度而言……對結(jié)構(gòu)整體的穩(wěn)定基本無影響”“從梁、柱整體結(jié)構(gòu)角度而言……組成穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)體系”,進行受力、傳力分析,得出:原位替換可以保證整體的穩(wěn)定性。
其次,從工匠精神的“精益求精”追求看,上一題的材料中指出“故宮太和殿是我國最大的木構(gòu)大殿,明清兩代帝王即位或節(jié)日慶典都在此舉行”,大殿設(shè)計、建造之初,必定組織大量能工巧匠進行了精心的設(shè)計、測量等工作,原位替換更符合整體設(shè)計,因而是最佳修繕方案。
最后,從修繕原則、文物保護角度看,“修舊如故”,不追求節(jié)省工料,而應(yīng)盡可能地保持其原有歷史形態(tài)和特征,以尊重和保護其歷史價值和文化意義。上一題的`材料中,在修繕時將“原柱糟朽部分去掉后,剩余的部分做成巴掌形,與新柱搭接。新柱與被抽去的糟朽部分同材料、同形狀、同尺寸,且頂部亦做成巴掌榫形狀”,這樣能夠最大程度地保持文物原貌,
該題不要求學(xué)生作答面面俱到,只要回答出兩點即可。如果有其他的答案,言之成理亦可。
。ㄈ┪膶W(xué)類文本同讀(本題共3小題,15分)
閱讀下面的文學(xué)。完成下面小題。
霜降夜
周蓬樺
白露過后,烏鄉(xiāng)的風(fēng)里就已平添了寒意。早晨醒來,陽光刺眼,推開柵門,發(fā)現(xiàn)腳下的草葉上布滿晶瑩的霜,薄簿的一層,把路邊的花打蔫,樺樹的枝條似乎蕭條了些許,樹木上的一只只眼睛長出了睫毛,無意間仰頭,但見幾粒寒星正在向山頂以南的方向悄悄隱逝。鎮(zhèn)上某一戶人家屋頂上的煙囪,已經(jīng)開始忙活,突突地冒青煙,煙柱是筆直的,上升到一米多高后遇到了風(fēng),才變得凌亂,像一塊被抽斷的絲綢。
有人說,烏鄉(xiāng)的風(fēng)里,流動著一股特別的味道,也只有親臨現(xiàn)場的人才會知道。這種特別的味道讓人難忘,在鼻間縈繞,以至于割舍不下,成了人們再來烏鄉(xiāng)的理由。
我提著滿滿一大鐵桶草木灰,把它們傾倒在大路邊潮濕的水洼里——這是房東阿姨安排給我的任務(wù)。昨天晚上,我約了幾個養(yǎng)桑蠶與種植薰衣草的農(nóng)戶,到院子里攀談,大家吃著草原黃膘烤牛肉,品嘗著新摘的巨峰葡萄,黑色的凍梨,喝著自釀的桑葚酒,交談內(nèi)容涉獵寬泛,沒有明確的主題。基本圍繞農(nóng)事收成,動物保護和挖掘過冬的地窖打轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)然,我最感興趣的,是他們講述過往親身經(jīng)歷的事件。興許口吻輕描淡寫,但對我十分有用。一些亮點像陣雨打濕心頭,滲入靜夜植物的根須,我急忙拿出記事本,在馬燈的光線下一一做了記錄。牛圈在屋后,小牛犢不時制造一點騷動,從那里飄來絲絲淡淡的尿臊氣,但這并沒影響大家濃厚的談興。葉子稀疏的板栗樹梢上,始終挑著一彎殘月。
聊到10點多鐘時,霜降開始了,夜幕陡然拉向縱深,只聽得周圍的蘆葦稈在瑟瑟作響,白樺樹枝在輕輕蠕動,我身上很快起了一層細小的雞皮疙瘩。這時,善良的房東阿姨送來了羊毛毯和羊毛披肩,以抵抗霜降帶來的微妙變化。
“天要落露了,大伙兒小心著涼!彼f。
阿姨端來一小筐被冰凍過的無花果,果子個頭大,已經(jīng)在冰柜里凍成了一個個小冰球,阿姨從廚房提來了鐵皮桶,點燃了軟草和木柴。很快就將凍漿果烤軟了,冰渣子化成了水,雜糅著果實的汁液。取一個放在嘴里,覺得凍過后的無花果有一股山柿餅的味道。少頃,桌上又擺滿了甜點美食——大列巴面包、哈爾濱紅腸、咖啡、奶茶、干果仁,還有烤得香噴噴的草原紅糖焙子,吃得大家直打飽嗝。
這是一個特別的霜降夜,讓人感覺到生命與節(jié)氣之間發(fā)生了某種密切的聯(lián)系,有很強烈的體驗感,從這個夜晚起始,我正式走進烏鄉(xiāng)人的生活,自此與之呼吸同一種空氣,吃一鍋同樣的黑米烏飯,喝新碾的大碴子粥,我并不覺得我與烏鄉(xiāng)的人和動物有什么不同。我們是對等的。他們在日子艱辛面前所持有的積極態(tài)度,和對幸福目標的追尋姿態(tài),都讓我感同身受,噓唏或喜悅。如果可能,我愿意做烏鄉(xiāng)山野中的一株樹或一片霜凍的葉子。
我還記下了燃燒時呲呲作響的松油燈,燈下的笑臉,火光中明亮的瞳仁,以及整整一個晚上都在談?wù)摰慕拥貧獾脑掝}——如何與枯草叢中的野物們一道,度過暴風(fēng)雪即將來臨的嚴冬,需要糧食、木柴、胡蘿卜和大白菜,需要棉衣棉被,需要一個大火爐。喲,對我這樣長年奔波的外鄉(xiāng)人來說,這是一個多么難忘的夜晚。
早晨的光線重疊移動,越升越高,把山脈的陰影投射到地面上。我手扶柵欄,將空空的鐵皮桶放回到了板栗樹下,卻見房東阿姨的小兒子背了行囊,走下臺階,似乎要離鄉(xiāng)遠行。阿姨從灶間走出來,腰間系著粗布白圍裙。她搓著手,一邊抬手拭淚,臉上難掩擔(dān)憂和凄惶的表情。
她的小兒子目光淡定,飛快地走出院落,又回過頭來朝我們揮手笑笑,然后大步踩過路邊的草木灰,在陽光下縮小成一個移動的墨點,在遠山的背景下漸漸消失。返回屋內(nèi),我以樹墩做書案,在稿紙上飛快地記下一句話:“霜降后,一些植物枯萎,一些事物到來,一些人又把雙腳踩在了泥濘的路上。”
。ㄓ袆h改)
7. 下列對文本相關(guān)內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)特色的分析鑒賞,不正確的一項是( )
A. 文章第一段寫烏鄉(xiāng)的清晨,作者感受著風(fēng)與光,視線從腳下草、身邊樹,推展至天際寒星,再收回到農(nóng)家炊煙,心情和筆觸都從容舒緩。
B. 霜降夜攀談中,作者感覺到“一些亮點像陣雨打濕心頭,滲入靜夜植物的根須”,既實寫外在景致的變動,又虛寫心中靈感的滋生。
C. 霜降夜的柴草烤軟了凍果,次晨草木灰被傾倒在路邊水洼,一個年輕人踩過草木灰離家遠行,這些點滴細節(jié)都帶有烏鄉(xiāng)生活的溫度。
D. 本文不僅記錄了作者本人在烏鄉(xiāng)小住的感受,還提及不少與當(dāng)?shù)厣钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的話題,如農(nóng)事收成、動物保護等,側(cè)面反映了鄉(xiāng)村的發(fā)展。
8. 如何理解文章最后作者記下的那句話?
9. 烏鄉(xiāng)霜降夜,作者“感覺到生命與節(jié)氣之間發(fā)生了某種密切的聯(lián)系,有很強烈的體驗感”,文章是從哪些方面來抒寫這種體驗感的?請簡要分析。
【答案】7. D 8. ①面對生活的困境,有人經(jīng)不起打擊而敗退,有人則迎難而上,開始了新生;②雖然前行艱難,但也要憑借堅韌和勇氣勇敢踏上征程,尋找屬于自己的新生活;③此句表達了作者在烏鄉(xiāng)霜降夜的所見所感,表達了對生命堅韌精神的深刻理解,對烏鄉(xiāng)人的贊美。
9. ①自然景象的描寫中滲透著獨特的生命感受:文章開頭描寫了烏鄉(xiāng)清晨的霜景,草葉上的霜、蕭條的樺樹、寒星的隱逝、農(nóng)家炊煙等細節(jié),寫出了霜降節(jié)氣中自然的變化;通過寫作者感受到風(fēng)中對的含義,聞得到風(fēng)中獨特的味道,寫出了生命的獨特感受。②人與自然的互動:作者與農(nóng)戶們在院子里攀談、品嘗當(dāng)?shù)厥澄铮故玖巳伺c自然的密切聯(lián)系;作者還寫了霜降夜的景物變化與感受到的寒意,寫了房東阿姨送毯子,談?wù)撨^冬的準備等細節(jié),展現(xiàn)了烏鄉(xiāng)人對節(jié)氣的重視以及應(yīng)對節(jié)氣的方法,寫出人與節(jié)氣之間密切的關(guān)聯(lián)。③情感的共鳴:作者在霜降夜中感受到烏鄉(xiāng)人對生活的積極態(tài)度和對幸福的追求,產(chǎn)生了強烈的情感共鳴。特別是最后看到房東阿姨的小兒子離鄉(xiāng)遠行,作者感受到生命的流動和時間的變遷,進一步深化了對生命與節(jié)氣之間聯(lián)系的體驗。
【解析】
【7題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生對文本藝術(shù)特色的分析鑒賞能力。
D.“側(cè)面反映了鄉(xiāng)村的發(fā)展”錯,文章主要記錄了作者在烏鄉(xiāng)的感受和體驗,雖然提及了一些與當(dāng)?shù)厣钕嚓P(guān)的話題,但并沒有反映鄉(xiāng)村的發(fā)展,主要是表現(xiàn)烏鄉(xiāng)特有的自然風(fēng)光、生活習(xí)俗和人情特點。
故選D。
【8題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生理解重要句子含義的能力。
這句話是作者在烏鄉(xiāng)小住之后的人生感悟。
“霜降”代表著生活中的困境;“植物枯萎”象征著生命的衰退和結(jié)束,象征著那些經(jīng)不起打擊而被擊敗的人和事物;“一些事物到來”則象征著新的開始和希望,代表著經(jīng)受住打擊的人或事物迎來新生,開始新生活;
“一些人又把雙腳踩在了泥濘的路上”,“泥濘”代表前路坎坷不易,而“把雙腳踩在了泥濘的路上”象征著前行的艱辛和不易,但也體現(xiàn)了人們在困境中前行的堅韌和勇氣,正如房東阿姨的小兒子,毅然背起行囊離家遠行,去追尋屬于自己的生活。
此句表達了作者在烏鄉(xiāng)霜降夜的所見所感,表達了對生命堅韌精神的深刻理解,對烏鄉(xiāng)人的贊美。
【9題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生理解文章內(nèi)容,多角度探究作品意蘊的能力。
自然景象的描寫中滲透著獨特的生命感受:文章描寫了烏鄉(xiāng)清晨的霜景,草葉上的霜、被霜打蔫的花、枝條蕭條的樺樹、悄悄隱逝的寒星、農(nóng)家屋頂?shù)拇稛煟@些自然景觀都帶有霜降節(jié)氣的特色;貫穿其中的還有作者的細膩感受,如烏鄉(xiāng)白露過后感受到的寒意,“白露過后,烏鄉(xiāng)的風(fēng)里就已平添了寒意”;還有烏鄉(xiāng)風(fēng)中特別的味道,“這種特別的味道讓人難忘,在鼻間縈繞,以至于割舍不下,成了人們再來烏鄉(xiāng)的理由”。
人與自然的互動:作者描寫了霜降夜與農(nóng)戶們在院子里攀談、品嘗當(dāng)?shù)厥澄,“大家吃著草原黃膘烤牛肉,品嘗著新摘的巨峰葡萄,黑色的凍梨,喝著自釀的桑葚酒”“阿姨端來一小筐被冰凍過的無花果,果子個頭大,已經(jīng)在冰柜里凍成了一個個小冰球”,這些都是秋天特有的食物,體現(xiàn)了人與自然的密切關(guān)聯(lián);此外,作者還寫了霜降夜的景物變化與感受到的寒意,“霜降開始了,夜幕陡然拉向縱深,只聽得周圍的蘆葦稈在瑟瑟作響,白樺樹枝在輕輕蠕動,我身上很快起了一層細小的雞皮疙瘩”,寫了房東阿姨送毯子,“善良的房東阿姨送來了羊毛毯和羊毛披肩,以抵抗霜降帶來的微妙變化”;還寫了談?wù)撨^冬的準備等細節(jié),“如何與枯草叢中的野物們一道,度過暴風(fēng)雪即將來臨的嚴冬,需要糧食、木柴、胡蘿卜和大白菜,需要棉衣棉被,需要一個大火爐”,展現(xiàn)了烏鄉(xiāng)人對節(jié)氣的重視以及應(yīng)對節(jié)氣的方法,寫出人與節(jié)氣之間密切的關(guān)聯(lián)。
情感的共鳴:作者在霜降夜中感受到烏鄉(xiāng)人對生活的積極態(tài)度和對幸福的追求,產(chǎn)生了強烈的情感共鳴,“他們在日子艱辛面前所持有的積極態(tài)度,和對幸福目標的追尋姿態(tài),都讓我感同身受,噓唏或喜悅”。特別是最后看到房東阿姨的小兒子離鄉(xiāng)遠行,“她的小兒子目光淡定,飛快地走出院落,又回過頭來朝我們揮手笑笑,然后大步踩過路邊的草木灰,在陽光下縮小成一個移動的墨點,在遠山的背景下漸漸消失”,作者感受到生命的流動和時間的變遷,進一步深化了對生命與節(jié)氣之間聯(lián)系的體驗。
通過這些方面的描寫,文章生動地抒寫了作者在烏鄉(xiāng)霜降夜的深刻體驗感,展現(xiàn)了人與自然、生命與節(jié)氣之間的密切聯(lián)系。
二、古代詩文閱讀(34分)
。ㄒ唬┪难晕拈喿x(本題共4小題,19分)
閱讀下面的文言文,完成下面小題。
人才莫盛于三國,亦惟三國之主各能用人,故得眾力相扶,以成鼎足之勢。而其用人亦各有不同者,大概曹操以權(quán)術(shù)相馭,劉備以性情相契,孫氏兄弟以意氣相投。
劉備為呂布所襲奔于操程昱以備有雄才勸操圖之。操曰:“今收攬英雄時,殺一人而失天下之心,不可也!比淮霜q非與操有怨者。臧霸先從陶謙,后助呂布,布為操所擒,霸藏匿,操募得之,即以霸為瑯邪相。先是操在兗州,以徐翕、毛暉為將,兗州亂,翕、暉皆叛,后操定兗州,翕、暉投霸。至是,操使霸出二人,霸曰:“霸所以能自立者,以不為此也!辈賴@其賢。蓋操當(dāng)初起時,方欲藉眾力以成事,故以此奔走天下。及其削平群雄,勢位已定,則孔融、許攸等,皆以嫌忌殺之。荀彧素為操謀主,亦以其阻九錫而脅之死。然后知其雄猜之性久而自露,而從前之度外用人,特出于矯偽,以濟一時之用,所謂以權(quán)術(shù)相馭也。
至劉備,一起事即為人心所向。觀其三顧諸葛,咨以大計,獨有傅巖爰立之風(fēng)。關(guān)、張、趙云,自少結(jié)契,終身奉以周旋,即羈旅奔逃,無寸土可以立業(yè),而數(shù)人者患難相隨,別無貳志。此固數(shù)人者之忠義,而備亦必有深結(jié)其隱微而不可解者矣。至托孤于亮,曰:“嗣子可輔,輔之;不可輔,則君自取之。”千載下猶見其肝膈本懷,豈非真性情之流露?亮第一流人,二國俱不能得,備獨能得之,亦可見以誠待人之效矣。
至孫氏兄弟之用人,亦自有不可及者。孫策生擒太史慈,即解其縛曰:“子義青州名士,但所托非人耳。孤是卿知己,勿憂不如意也!贝瞬咧檬恳。陸遜鎮(zhèn)西陵,權(quán)刻印置遜所,每與劉禪、諸葛亮?xí),常過示遜,有不安者,便令改定,以印封行之。委任如此,臣下有不感知遇而竭心力者乎?陸遜晚年為楊竺等所譖,憤郁而死。權(quán)后見其子抗,泣曰:“吾前聽讒言,與汝父大義不篤,以此負汝!币匀酥鞫曰谄溥^,開誠告語如此,其誰不感泣?此孫氏兄弟之用人,所謂以意氣相感也。
。ü(jié)選自趙翼《廿二史札記》卷七)
10. 文中畫波浪線的部分有三處需要斷句,請用鉛筆將答題卡上相應(yīng)位置的答案標號涂黑。
劉備為呂布A所襲B奔C于操D程昱E以備F有雄才G勸操H圖之。
11. 下列對文中加點的詞語及相關(guān)內(nèi)容的解說,不正確的一項是( )
A. 藉,憑借、借助,與《陳涉世家》中“藉第令毋斬”的“藉”意思相同。
B. 即,即使,與《桃花源記》中“太守即遣人隨其往”的“即”意思不同。
C. 固,固然,與《赤壁賦》中“固一世之雄也,而今安在哉”的“固”意思相同。
D. 但,只是,與《記承天寺夜游》中“但少閑人如吾兩人者耳”的“但”意思相同。
12. 下列對原文有關(guān)內(nèi)容的概述,不正確的一項是( )
A. 臧霸曾為呂布效力,曹操擒捉呂布以后,臧霸為避禍藏匿起來;后來他又被曹操捕獲,曹操不計前嫌,對他委以重任,任命他為瑯邪相。
B. 曹操初起時為圖霸業(yè),能籠絡(luò)人才,甚至能任用曾與己有怨者;勢位已定時則猜忌異己,濫殺無辜。這正是其用人“以權(quán)術(shù)相馭”的表現(xiàn)。
C. 劉備以性情結(jié)交忠義之士,以誠待人,故能深得人心;劉備創(chuàng)業(yè)過程中多次遭遇挫折,但諸葛亮及關(guān)、張、趙云等人患難相隨,忠貞不渝。
D. 陸遜鎮(zhèn)守西陵時,深得孫權(quán)信任,孫權(quán)給劉禪、諸葛亮寫信,常常給陸遜看,有不妥之處就讓他改定;到了晚年,陸遜遭到讒害,郁郁而終。
13. 把文中畫橫線的句子翻譯成現(xiàn)代漢語。
。1)操使霸出二人,霸曰:“霸所以能自立者,以不為此也!
。2)吾前聽讒言,與汝父大義不篤,以此負汝。
【答案】10. BDG 11. A 12. A
13. (1)曹操讓臧霸交出那兩個人,臧霸說:“我之所以能夠自立的原因,是因為不做這樣的事情!
。2)我以前聽信讒言,與令尊的關(guān)系不夠深厚,因此辜負了你。
【解析】
【10題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生文言文斷句的能力。
句意:劉備被呂布襲擊后,投奔曹操,程昱認為劉備有雄才,勸曹操圖謀除掉他。
“為……所”表被動,“襲”是動詞,“劉備為呂布所襲”是一個被動句,所以從“襲”后B處斷開;
“奔于操”承接前邊主語“劉備”,“奔”是謂語,“操”是賓語,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,所以從“于操”后D處斷開;
“以”是“程昱”的謂語,“備有雄才”是賓語,“程昱以備有雄才”句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整,所以從“有雄才”后G處斷開。
故選BDG。
【11題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生對文言詞語中的一詞多義現(xiàn)象的理解能力。
A.錯誤。兩個“藉”意思不同!敖濉,憑借、借助;/即使。句意:正是想借助眾人的力量成就大業(yè)。/即使僅能免于斬刑。
B.正確。即,即使;/立即。句意:即使在顛沛流離、無立足之地時。/太守立即派遣人員跟隨他前往。
C.正確。句意:這固然是幾人的忠義。/(曹孟德)固然是當(dāng)世的一位英雄人物,然而現(xiàn)在又在哪里呢?
D.正確。句意:只是所托非人罷了。/只是缺少像我們兩個這樣清閑的人罷了。
故選A。
【12題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生理解文章內(nèi)容的能力。
A.“后來他又被曹操捕獲”理解錯誤,根據(jù)原文“霸藏匿,操募得之,即以霸為瑯邪相”可知,臧霸并不是被曹操捕獲,而是曹操通過招募的方式找到臧霸,并任命他為瑯邪相。
故選A。
【13題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生理解并翻譯文言文句子的能力。
。1)“出”,交出;“所以”,……的原因;“以”,因為;“……也”,表判斷。
。2)“前”,以前;“篤”,深厚;“負”,辜負。
參考譯文:
三國時期的人才可謂是最為鼎盛的,這也得益于三國的君主各自善于用人,因此能夠匯聚眾人的力量,形成三足鼎立的局面。然而,他們用人的方式各有不同。大致來說,曹操是以權(quán)術(shù)駕馭人,劉備是以性情結(jié)交人,孫氏兄弟則是以意氣感召人。
劉備被呂布襲擊后,投奔曹操,程昱認為劉備有雄才,勸曹操圖謀除掉他。曹操說:“現(xiàn)在是收攬英雄的時候,殺一個人會失去天下人的心,這是不可以的!比欢,這還不是與曹操有怨的人。臧霸先是跟隨陶謙,后來幫助呂布,呂布被曹操擒獲后,臧霸藏匿起來。曹操通過招募的方式找到臧霸,立即任命他為瑯邪相。早先,曹操在兗州時,任用徐翕、毛暉為將,兗州發(fā)生動亂,徐翕、毛暉都叛變了。后來曹操平定兗州,徐翕、毛暉投奔臧霸。到這時,曹操讓臧霸交出那兩個人,臧霸說:“我之所以能夠自立的原因,是因為不做這樣的事情!辈懿賴@息他的賢能。曹操當(dāng)初起事時,正是想借助眾人的力量成就大業(yè),所以以此奔走天下。等到他削平群雄,勢位已定時,孔融、許攸等人都因嫌忌被殺。荀彧一直是曹操的謀主,也因為阻止曹操接受九錫而被逼死。由此可見,曹操的雄猜之性久而自露,而從前的寬容用人,只是出于權(quán)宜之計,以應(yīng)一時之需,這就是所謂的以權(quán)術(shù)駕馭人。
至于劉備,一起事就為人心所向?此櫭⿵]請諸葛亮出山,咨詢大計,獨有傅巖立賢的風(fēng)范。關(guān)羽、張飛、趙云,自年輕時結(jié)交,終身相隨,即使在顛沛流離、無立足之地時,這幾人也患難與共,毫無二心。這固然是幾人的忠義,但劉備也必定有深厚的情感紐帶令人不能解開。到托孤于諸葛亮?xí)r,劉備說:“嗣子可輔,輔之;不可輔,則君自取之!鼻лd之下仍能見其肝膽相照,豈不是性情的流露?諸葛亮是第一流的人才,其他兩國都不能得到,唯獨劉備能得到他,這也可見以誠待人的效果。
至于孫氏兄弟用人,也各自有別人比不了之處。孫策生擒太史慈后,立即解開他的綁縛,說:“子義是青州名士,只是所托非人罷了。我是你的知己,不用擔(dān)心不如意!边@是孫策得士的表現(xiàn)。陸遜鎮(zhèn)守西陵,孫權(quán)把印章放在陸遜那里,每次與劉禪、諸葛亮通信,常常給陸遜看,有不妥之處就讓他改定,然后蓋上印章發(fā)出。委任如此,臣下有不感知遇而竭心盡力的嗎?陸遜晚年被楊竺等人讒害,憤郁而死。孫權(quán)后來見到陸遜的兒子陸抗,哭著說:“我以前聽信讒言,與令尊的關(guān)系不夠深厚,因此辜負了你!弊鳛榫髂茏曰谄溥^,像這樣開誠布公地告知,誰能不感動流淚呢?這就是孫氏兄弟用人,這就是所說的以意氣感人的表現(xiàn)。
(二)古代詩歌閱讀(本題共2小題,9分)
閱讀下面詩歌,回答后面問題。
次韻錢遜叔泛舟虹橋①
宋·呂本中
半篙春漲綠平溪,二月江城草色齊。
舟比蜉蝣千頃外,□同斥鷃一枝棲②。
野橋柳線斜風(fēng)軟,曲檻花光夕照低。
卻訝探驪人不至③,清樽畫航倩分題④。
[注]①次韻:依次用所和詩中的韻作詩。②本句首字原缺。③探驪:這里指精通寫詩作文。④分題:詩人聚會,分題目而賦詩。
14. 下列對這首詩的理解和賞析,不正確的一項是( )
A. 詩歌開篇寫春水、草色,圍繞色彩落筆,營造出一種愉悅的情感氛圍。
B. 春水新漲,水面遼闊寬廣,在波間漂浮的船只顯得如同蜉蝣一樣細小。
C. 斥鷃見于《莊子·逍遙游》,用來與鵬做對比,因此詩中缺字應(yīng)是“鵬”。
D. 詩歌的尾聯(lián)寫到了“分題”,以此收束,與題目中的“次韻”形成照應(yīng)。
15. 請賞析頸聯(lián)“野橋柳線斜風(fēng)軟,曲檻花光夕照低”中“軟”“低”二字藝術(shù)效果。
【答案】14. C 15. “軟”字形容斜風(fēng)的溫柔輕柔,營造出寧靜和諧的氛圍;“低”字描繪夕照的柔和低垂,增強了畫面的層次感和詩意,使景象更生動。
【解析】
【14題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生對詩歌解讀中存在問題進行邏輯判斷及對課文內(nèi)容的理解和分析的能力。
C.“……對比,因此詩中缺字應(yīng)是‘鵬’”錯誤,前后不構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。缺字一句可以有兩種解釋:一是缺字表示的事物與斥鷃一起棲息在樹枝上;二是該事物像斥鷃一樣棲息在樹枝上。參照上句中的“比”字,后一種理解符合原意的可能性較大。但無論是哪一種理解,缺字都不可能是“鵬”字。鵬與斥鷃是《逍遙游》用來論述“小大之辨”的兩個例證,斥鷃是一種小鳥,是可以棲息在樹枝之上的;而鵬則龐大得不可思議,它“背若泰山,翼若垂天之云”,無法想象它可以在樹枝上棲息。當(dāng)然,“一枝”也可能是一個比喻,用來表示狹窄的空間,那也同樣不是鵬所能棲息的。
故選C。
【15題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生鑒賞煉字藝術(shù)效果的能力。
用字精當(dāng)以追求表現(xiàn)力的最大化,是歷代文人在文學(xué)創(chuàng)作中極為重視的問題,詩歌中尤其如此。本題要求賞析“軟”“低”二字的藝術(shù)效果,需要學(xué)生借助聯(lián)想和想象品味語言,并把自己的體驗和感受用文字表達出來。
“軟”字用來形容斜風(fēng),傳達出春風(fēng)的溫柔和輕柔。斜風(fēng)拂過野橋上的柳條,柳條隨風(fēng)輕輕搖曳,給人一種柔和、舒適的感覺。這個字不僅描繪了春風(fēng)的特質(zhì),還營造出一種寧靜、和諧的氛圍,使讀者仿佛置身于春日的美景中,感受到春風(fēng)的溫暖和柔情。
“低”字用來形容夕照,描繪了夕陽西下時光線逐漸變低的景象。夕陽的余暉灑在曲折的欄桿和花朵上,光線柔和而低垂,給人一種溫馨、寧靜的感覺。這個字不僅描繪了夕陽的特質(zhì),還增強了畫面的層次感和立體感,使整個景象顯得更加生動和富有詩意。
通過“軟”和“低”兩個字,詩人成功地描繪了春日黃昏時分的美麗景象,傳達出一種寧靜、溫柔的氛圍。這兩個字不僅準確地刻畫了自然景物的特征,還增強了詩歌的畫面感和感染力,使讀者能夠身臨其境地感受到春日的美好與寧靜。
。ㄈ┟淠瑢懀ū绢}共1小題,6分)
16. 補寫出下列句子中的空缺部分。
。1)王灣《次北固山下》的名句“____________,____________”,描寫時序交替中的景物,暗示著時光流逝,蘊含著自然理趣。
。2)小慧為朋友家的農(nóng)家樂餐廳寫宣傳橫幅,直接使用了陸游《游山西村》里的“____________,____________”兩句詩,朋友看了覺得很貼切。
。3)行至群山深處,見到一掛瀑布飛瀉而下,水石激蕩,轟鳴作響。于老師回頭對學(xué)生們說:“這不就是古詩中寫的‘____________,____________’嘛!”
【答案】 ①. 海日生殘夜 ②. 江春入舊年 ③. 山重水復(fù)疑無路 ④. 柳暗花明又一村 ⑤. 飛流直下三千尺 ⑥. 疑是銀河落九天(飛湍瀑流爭喧豗,砯崖轉(zhuǎn)石萬壑雷)
【解析】
【詳解】本題考查學(xué)生默寫常見的名篇名句的能力。
易錯字詞有:生、暗、喧豗,砯崖、壑。
三、語言文字運用(20分)
。ㄒ唬┱Z言文字運用Ⅰ(本題共4小題,14分)
閱讀下面的文字,完成下面小題。
天山可謂家喻戶曉,但真正了解它的人恐怕不多。怎樣算是真正了解天山呢?不妨做個測試。你閉上眼睛,念出“天山”這個名字,試試看,能不能想象出一幅天山的全景圖來?在這幅全景圖里,山脈或平行或交錯,許多巨大的、汽車要開上很久很久的盆地坐落其間。兩座威嚴的雪峰——托木爾峰和汗騰格里峰巍然聳立,俯視著周邊十多座海拔6000米以上的山峰。帶著充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路長驅(qū)直入的暖濕氣流造就了一片片麥浪滾滾的田地和水草豐美的牧場。博斯騰湖碧水連天,賽里木湖晶瑩澄澈,艾比湖“鹽”裝素裹,天池靜臥在蒼翠環(huán)繞之中……①如果在你的腦海中,②能包羅萬象地浮現(xiàn)出這樣一幅全景圖,③圖上呈現(xiàn)了天山的任何山脈、盆地、雪峰,④還有河流、和湖泊,⑤你就算真正了解天山了。
17. 下列句子中的“要”與文中加點的“要”,意義相同的一項是( )
A. 描繪“寒風(fēng)掃高木”的景況,用“木”字要比用“樹”字更合適。
B. 蓮花池邊有個小酒店,我們走進去,打了半斤酒,還要了些菜。
C. 臺兒溝沒有學(xué)校,香雪每天上學(xué)要到十五里以外的公社去。
D. 等棗樹的葉子落盡,樹上的棗子紅完,西北風(fēng)就要起來了。
18. 請將文中畫橫線的部分改成幾個較短的語句?梢愿淖冋Z序、少量增刪詞語,但不得改變原意。
19. 下列句子中畫波浪線的詞語與文中畫波浪線的“蒼翠”,所用的修辭手法相同的一項是( )
A. 煙花向上空沖去,下落時便灑散著滿天花雨。
B. 魯迅先生穿著樸素的長衫,從容地坐在西裝領(lǐng)帶們旁邊。
C. 夏天的雨是熱情洋溢的,喜歡不打招呼就前來拜訪。
D. 微風(fēng)過處,送來縷縷清香,仿佛遠處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的。
20. 文中標序號的部分有兩處表述不當(dāng),請指出其序號并做修改,使語言準確流暢,邏輯嚴密。不得改變原意。
【答案】17. C 18. 示例(1):暖濕氣流帶著充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路長驅(qū)直入,它造就了一片片麥浪滾滾的田地,以及水草豐美的牧場。
示例(2):帶著充沛水汽的暖濕氣流在伊犁河谷一路長驅(qū)直入,它造就了一片片麥浪滾滾的田地和水草豐美的牧場。
19. B 20. 序號②修改為:能浮現(xiàn)出這樣一幅包羅萬象的全景圖;
序號③修改為:圖上呈現(xiàn)了天山的所有山脈、雪峰、盆地;
序號④修改為: 還有河流、湖泊(還有河流和湖泊) 。
【解析】
【17題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生辨析詞語語境義的能力。
文中“要”意思是需要。
A.表示估計,用于比較。
B.討。表示希望將某種事物歸自己所有 。
C.需要。
D.即將來臨。
故選C。
【18題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生變換句式的能力。
所謂長句一般是修飾限制成分多,或者主語、賓語、謂語部分比較復(fù)雜。畫線句屬于修飾成分多,賓語復(fù)雜。
首先確定句子主干,“暖濕氣流造就了田地和牧場”,讓主干單獨成句;
然后把復(fù)雜部分按照語法規(guī)則加以拆分,比如定語拿出來單獨成句,“帶著充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路長驅(qū)直入”,作為句子時需要添加主語“暖濕氣流”;
然后強調(diào)一下兩個賓語的特點,比如“田地里一片片麥浪滾滾”“牧場上水草豐美”;
最后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系組合成包含幾個短句的復(fù)句,除了參考答案,還可以表述為:帶著充沛水汽的暖濕氣流在伊犁河谷一路長驅(qū)直入,它造就了田地和牧場,田地里一片片麥浪滾滾,牧場上水草豐美。
【19題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生辨析修辭手法的能力。
文中“蒼翠”屬于借代修辭,顏色代樹木。
A.比喻修辭,把漫天灑散的煙花比喻成“雨”;
B.借代修辭,用西裝領(lǐng)帶借指人們;
C.擬人修辭,賦予自然現(xiàn)象“雨”以人的特點“熱情洋溢”“喜歡”“打招呼”“拜訪”;
D.通感手法,溝通了視聽兩種感官,把鼻子嗅到的“清香”比喻成耳朵聽到的“歌聲”。
故選B。
【20題詳解】
本題考查學(xué)生辨析并修改病句的能力。
序號②語序不當(dāng),“浮現(xiàn)”是客觀詞語,不能用“包羅萬象”修飾,應(yīng)該放在“全景”前。
序號③用詞不當(dāng),把“任何”刪掉或改為“所有”;語序不當(dāng),并列詞語間應(yīng)該有視覺順序,比如由高到低,“盆地” 放在后面,與低處的“河流”“湖泊”能更好地銜接。
序號④成分贅余,有了頓號沒必要加“和” ,刪掉頓號或“和” 。
。ǘ┱Z言文字運用Ⅱ(本題共1小題,6分)
21. 下面的文字是一位老奶奶在醫(yī)院看病時的自述,不夠簡明扼要,不利于和醫(yī)生高效溝通。請對這段自述進行縮寫。要求:保留必要信息,不超過80個字。
大夫好!今天看病的人太多了,我排了好長時間隊才看上。我是你們醫(yī)院的老病號了,這么多年我的高血壓和糖尿病一直是在你們醫(yī)院看的,好多年前有一次扭傷了腳踝,也是在你們這兒看好的,您可得給我好好看看。是這么回事兒。昨天晚上我老閨女來家里,我們一起吃的晚飯。吃過飯看著電視,我就開始頭疼,先是頭頂一圈疼,一跳一跳的,后來整個頭都疼。我試了很多辦法,一會兒躺著,一會兒坐著,大口喘氣,戴上帽子捂著,都沒有用。閨女要帶我來醫(yī)院,我說天太冷了,明天可能就好了,明天再說吧,然后就睡覺了。今天早上醒了還疼,頭也不敢動,一晃就更疼了,就趕緊來醫(yī)院了。
【答案】大夫好!我是你們醫(yī)院的老病號,一直在這兒看高血壓和糖尿病。昨天晚上吃完飯后開始頭疼,先是頭頂一圈疼,后來整個頭都疼。今天早上醒來仍然頭疼,頭一動就更疼,所以趕緊來醫(yī)院了。
【解析】
【詳解】本題考查學(xué)生提煉概括核心信息、表達準確簡明的能力。
首先刪除冗余:
排隊時間、與醫(yī)生的寒暄、扭傷腳踝的舊事、與女兒的互動、嘗試的無效緩解方法等信息可以壓縮掉,比如“今天看病的人太多了,我排了好長時間隊才看上”“好多年前有一次扭傷了腳踝,也是在你們這兒看好的,您可得給我好好看看”“我試了很多辦法,一會兒躺著,一會兒坐著,大口喘氣,戴上帽子捂著,都沒有用。閨女要帶我來醫(yī)院,我說天太冷了,明天可能就好了,明天再說吧,然后就睡覺了”,冗長啰嗦,屬于多余信息,忽略不計。
然后提煉出有效信息:
。1)由“我是你們醫(yī)院的老病號了,這么多年……一直是在你們醫(yī)院看的”提煉出患者身份:老病號,長期在該醫(yī)院看病。
。2)由“這么多年我的高血壓和糖尿病一直是在你們醫(yī)院看的”提煉出病史信息:高血壓和糖尿病。
。3)由“昨天晚上我老閨女來家里,我們一起吃的晚飯。吃過飯看著電視,我就開始頭疼”提煉出病痛時間:昨晚開始。
。4)由“先是頭頂一圈疼,一跳一跳的,后來整個頭都疼”“今天早上醒了還疼,頭也不敢動,一晃就更疼了”提煉出癥狀:頭頂一圈疼,后來整個頭都疼。今天早上醒來仍然頭疼,頭一動就更疼;就診原因:頭疼持續(xù)未見好轉(zhuǎn)。
最后組織語言:
將關(guān)鍵信息按時間順序和邏輯關(guān)系進行組織,使表達簡潔明了,條理清晰。
四、作文(60分)
22. 閱讀下面的材料,根據(jù)要求寫作。
每個人都要學(xué)習(xí)與他人相處。有時,我們?yōu)楸苊鉀_突而不愿表達自己的想法。其實,坦誠交流才有可能迎來真正的相遇。
這引發(fā)了你怎樣的聯(lián)想和思考?請寫一篇文章。
要求:選準角度,確定立意,明確文體,自擬標題;不要套作,不得抄襲;不得泄露個人信息;不少于800字。
【答案】例文
心跡不掩,英雄本色
現(xiàn)代社會,人際錯綜,在群體相處的復(fù)雜過程中,人們往往為了提高“隱蔽性”、增加安全感而掩藏心跡、力求“大同”,生怕被人看穿自己的“底牌”,拿住自己的“軟肋”。其實,一味遮掩閃躲、矯飾趨眾并不是緩和矛盾、尋求認同的妙方,唯有率真坦蕩、直露心跡,方能彰顯個性魅力,吸引同頻摯友,贏得社會尊重。
不掩心跡,敢于直陳與眾各異的觀點、表達獨特?zé)o二的看法,既不畏懼因成為大眾眼中的“少數(shù)人”而被視為異類,也不擔(dān)憂因無法追隨主流的腳步而倍覺孤獨,即使為時人所訕笑、不解、嘲諷譏刺甚至排斥孤立,仍始終保持獨立思考的態(tài)度,呵護不易動搖的本心,以敢當(dāng)千夫所指、無懼踽踽獨行的執(zhí)著剛毅行走于朗朗世間,以不肯隨波逐流、拒絕人云亦云的明亮坦蕩彰顯著大勇大慧。
不掩心跡,樂于袒露不加偽飾的性情、展示多有瑕疵的真我,既不遮掩粉飾并不完美的“黑暗層”、真?zhèn)性,也不追求浮夸矯造的假“人設(shè)”、高“友商”,即使知音寥寥,同行無幾,仍始終保存雖有缺陷卻不失特色的真面目,懷抱雖感落寞而不改本我的真風(fēng)骨,以不因寂寥而盲目迎合、不因從眾而勉強改變的實言實行對抗一眾“假面”,以心口如一的磊落灑脫、率直天真的霽月光風(fēng)對抗著諸如“守口如瓶,防意如城”之類的人情“箴言”。
不掩心跡之杰出人物,古今皆眾。前有“必不堪者七”和“甚不可者二”的嵇康直拒司馬政權(quán)邀請,“行不為飾,動求真適”的孟浩然直陳胸中“不才明主棄”的郁結(jié)之氣,聲震朝野的“拗相公”王安石直言對京官高職的排斥反感;后有“不要遷就什么,也不要盲目地去追什么潮流”的優(yōu)客工場創(chuàng)始人毛大慶直評創(chuàng)業(yè)心路,“能爬珠穆朗瑪干嗎還要爬那些小山”的中科院院士顏寧直揚凌云之志……心跡所顯,本色所向,英雄之氣,難掩行藏。
誠然,尋求群體接納,渴望社會認同本是人之常情,隱藏真實想法、力求避免沖突的處世態(tài)度并非不可理解。但若是人人都掩藏心跡,不愿坦誠,交接之間含糊其辭、虛與委蛇,唯恐自己的“全拋一片心”碰上了對方的“且說三分話”, 生怕首先暴露了自己的真實態(tài)度、客觀情緒而喪失主動權(quán),如此,人與人之間的溫情善意、赤誠真摯將不復(fù)存在,人們將永遠保持著所謂的“安全距離”而無法觸碰彼此的靈魂,永遠受困于身邊的“無效社交”而無法脫離原始的恐懼與孤獨。
“唯大英雄能本色,是真名士自風(fēng)流。”哼哼哈哈、遮遮掩掩并非潤滑人際、左右逢源的“萬金油”,直率天然、簡單澄澈方為提升格局、收獲美滿的“強心針”。不掩心跡,方顯英雄本色,展露真我,笑迎盛放人生。
【解析】
【詳解】本題考查學(xué)生寫作的能力。
審題:
這是一道引語式材料作文題。
材料意在引導(dǎo)青少年形成健康正向的人際交往理念,關(guān)鍵句“坦誠交流才有可能遇到真正的相遇”直接指明中心論點和寫作方向,把握住“坦誠交流”一詞,則易進行文章構(gòu)思。
與他人相處時,不愿表達真實想法,因此人云亦云、從眾而談、唯唯諾諾,無非出于尋求群體、避免矛盾、保護自我的心理,固然能暫時起到潤滑關(guān)系、規(guī)避沖突的作用,但長此以往,則會使人喪失個性,面目模糊,看似左右逢源,實則孤獨自苦,既無法培養(yǎng)起勇敢表達、直抒己見的能力,也錯過與同頻的朋友交流、相知的良機。
坦誠交流,既可以勾勒真實自我,讓群體認識、了解自己,更能夠吸引到認同、欣賞自己的“同類”,在共性的基礎(chǔ)上建立起牢固真實的友情;既可以擺脫虛言矯飾的疲憊,克服怕做“異類”、怕成“孤島”的畏縮情緒,更能以我口說我心的姿態(tài)消除他人對自己的假性印象,釋放由持續(xù)掩飾偽裝帶來的精神壓力;既是一種不懼發(fā)聲、敢于袒露的膽量、勇氣,更是一種磊落灑脫、質(zhì)樸天然的人生態(tài)度?傊,唯有坦誠交流,適合的機會、同質(zhì)的朋友、應(yīng)得的利益、獨特的魅力……才會和自己有一場“真正的相遇”。
寫作時,可以先明確提出論點——“坦誠交流”,然后分別從坦誠能夠吸引真正的朋友、贏得應(yīng)有的尊重,能夠培養(yǎng)磊落的品行、鍛煉堅韌的心志等方面進行論述;再從反方面假設(shè)人人都戴上面具、不肯坦誠,將會對人際關(guān)系造成怎樣的打擊、對和諧社會造成怎樣的破壞;接下來聯(lián)系實際,適當(dāng)批駁現(xiàn)代社會中某些提倡“圓穩(wěn)”、曲解“中庸”的亂象;最后總結(jié)觀點,收束全文。
立意:
1.率真為人,英雄本色。
2.展露真我,不斂鋒芒。
3.坦以承己,誠以待人。
4.袒露心跡,同向而行。
2024年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試(全國甲卷)
英語學(xué)科
第一部分 聽力(共兩節(jié), 滿分30分)
第一節(jié)(共5小題; 每小題1. 5分, 滿分7. 5分)
聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題, 從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后, 你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。
1. Where are the speakers going?
A. A new restaurant. B. A convenience store. C. Their office.
2. When is the class presentation according to Vicky?
A. On Thursday. B. On Wednesday. C. On Tuesday.
3. Why does the woman make the call?
A. To check the price. B. To make an apology. C. To cancel her order.
4. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A. Husband and wife. B. Boss and employee. C. Salesperson and customer.
5. What are the speakers mainly talking about?
A. Their move to a new place. B. Toms friends at school. C. A sports center.
第二節(jié)(共15小題; 每小題1. 5分, 滿分22. 5分)
聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題, 從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前, 你將有時間閱讀各個小題, 每小題5秒鐘; 聽完后, 各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。
聽第6 段材料, 回答第6、7題。
6. What does the girl tell her dad?
A. She decides to quit college.
B. She worries about her academic ability.
C. She is unpopular with her classmates.
7. How does the father help his daughter?
A. By telling a funny joke. B. By sharing his own story. C. By planning a school tour.
聽第7段材料, 回答第8 至 10題。
8. Who is the man?
A. A researcher. B. A bird watcher. C. A radio host.
9. When do birds sing quieter?
A. On weekend mornings. B. During rush hours. C. In early evenings.
10. What is Dr. Zollinger going to do next?
A. Summarize her studies. B. Play some recordings. C. Answer more questions.
聽第8段材料, 回答第11至13題。
11. Where was Jena born?
A. In Canada. B. In Japan. C. In Australia.
12. How old was Mike when he left Glasgow?
A. Five. B. Six. C. Ten.
13. What do we know about Mikes parents?
A. They enjoy living abroad.
B. They first met at the age of 20.
C. They will start their own company.
聽第9段材料, 回答第14至16題。
14. What is the first question to Mr. Green about?
A. His adventure in space. B. His physical condition. C. His doctors advice.
15. How does Mr. Green feel about traveling to Mars?
A. Its unlikely to happen.
B. Its physically demanding.
C. Its a chance not to be missed.
16. Which is Mr. Greens favorite movie?
A. Apollo 13. B. Blue Earth. C. Space Station.
聽第10段材料, 回答第17至20題。
17. What is the speaker doing?
A. Giving a report.
B. Introducing a musical play.
C. Making an announcement.
18. What are the students expected to do?
A. Carry school flags. B. Wear fun clothes. C. Design fancy masks.
19. Where can the parents stand and watch?
A. On the sidewalk. B. On the playground. C. In front of the office.
20. What should the students do if they dont take part?
A. Let their teacher know. B. Stay in the lecture hall. C. Do some reading.
參考答案
1-5ACBCA 6-10 BBCAB
11-15 ABABC 16-20ACBCA
聽力原文
(Text 1)
W: Look, we have time for hamburgar at this former restaurant.
W: Forget that. I know a new restaurant on Maple Street not far from our company. Is that okay with you?
M: Perfect.
(Text 2)
M: Hi,Vicky. I remember our class presentation is on Wednesday,but you said its on Thursday. Are you sure?
W: Sorry. It was a slip of the tongue. I meant Tuesday for sure.
(Text 3)
M: Allens furniture. Can I help you?
W: Hi. Im the one who asked about the price of a glass tea table top. Just now Im sorry,I made a mistake. The size should be 75 centimeters by 50 centimeters.
M: Oh. Thatll make a difference in the price. Hold on and let me find out.
(Text 4)
W: These are our new arrivals. Every man should own at least one woollen sweater. Dont you think?
M: I agree. Any suggestions?
W: The one with two pockets sells best this year?Lightweight and stylish. Would you like to try it on?
(Text 5)
W: How do you like your school,Tom?
M: Oh, I like it a lot and I also like the area. The nearby recreation center is cool. Thank you,mom.
W: What really leaves you happy with your new home?
(Text 6)
W: I dont know if I want to go to college,I dont think Ill do very well there,
M: Why not?
W: Because Im not smart.
M: Ye, It can be scary.
W: Did you ever come close to dropping out, Dad?
M: No. But I worried a lot before I went,I thought college would be full of brains. Once I got there,I found out that most of the kids were just like me.
(Text 7)
M: Hello,listeners. People around the world are reporting that birds are much louder these days. Now Ive connected with doctor salinger and lets hear what she will say.
W: We feel that theyre singing louder because they sing in typically noisy places. But when the noise is gone,they sing quieter than they normally do.
M: In other words,birds are like us in a noisy bar,for example,people will raise their voices.
W: Exactly. We know that birds sing quieter on the weekend mornings.
(Text 8)
M: Hi. I dont think weve met before. Im Mike.
W: Hi,Mike. My name is Gina. Nice to meet you.
M: Nice to meet you,Gina. Where do you come from?
W: Originally Im from Canada,but we moved to australia when I was about 5 years old now. My parents live in Tokyo. How about you, Mike?
M: I was born in Glasgow and we lived there until I was six. Then since my father worked for an international trade company,we moved all over the place.
W: Yeah. Where are some of the places youve lived?
M: Most of the time we lived abroad?We spent a total of 10 years in Japan,Germany and Korea. We came back to the UK only 2 years ago,but I think my parents would prefer to stay overseas for another 20 years.
W: Wow. It sounds like youve had an interesting life.
(Text 9)
W: Good morning. Welcome the space hero, Mr Green to my studio.
M: Hello. Maria. Hello,my dear friends.
W: Well. Lets start from the first question I collected from the audience. Did you have any moments of dizziness since he landed back on the earth.
M: The first 3 days back were pretty tough. Your body system is all messed up. So you feel dizzy. Its quite normal,though.
W: Thanks. Another question. Would you go for the first manned Mars travel, If you have the chance?
M: Absolutely. A trip to Mars is hugely exciting. Im always ready for it.
W: I know you can watch movies on the space station. Whats your favorite space movie?Some people asked.
M: Apollo 13 is probably my top one. My sons love blue earth. It was brilliant watching the new movie on board the space station.
(Text 10)
W : Our next dress up day will be on friday,October 28th, and it is our annual dress up day. On this day,students may dress up in fun clothes and there will be a march around the school. Students are reminded not to carry sharp things such as knives and swords. Please make sure that you can see and breathe easily if you wear masks. Parents are invited to watch the event but are asked to stand either in front of the office near the flagpole or in the grassy courtyard,the students will be marching around on the sidewalks. So we do need to keep all sidewalks clear. Parents and friends may also join in the march if they are dressed in appropriate clothes. But if youre just watching,wed like to ask you to stay in one spot to reduce traffic jams. Students who do not wish to take part in the event for religious or other reasons should inform their teacher and they will be allowed to stay in the office until after the event.
第二部分 閱讀(共兩節(jié), 滿分50分)
第一節(jié)(共15小題; 每小題2. 5分, 滿分37. 5分)
閱讀下列短文, 從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。
A
Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard communitys artistic creativity. We invite you to join us for the coming ARTS FIRST. We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities. The festival is a public event for Harvard and community members of all ages.
Light Awash in Watercolor
Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors 1880-1990: Into the Light.
Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity
From webs to cocoons, invertebrates (無脊椎動物) create some of natures most delicate and beautiful designs. Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft (手工藝) materials.
Wheel Throwing
Join instructors from the Ceramics Program and great potters from Quincy, Cabot and Mather Houses for demonstrations using the potters wheel. Then create your own masterpiece!
Knitting and Pom-Pom Making
Join the Harvard Undergraduate Knitting Circle to make pom-poms and tassels out of thread, or pick up a pair of needles and learn to knit (編織).
1. What do we know about ARTS FIRST?
A. It is an exhibition of oil paintings. B. It offers art courses for all ages.
C. It presents recreational activities. D. It is a major tourist attraction.
2. Which program will you join if youre interested in drawing pictures?
A. Light Awash in Watercolor. B. Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity.
C. Wheel Throwing. D. Knitting and Pom-Pom Making.
3. What can you do together with Javier Marin?
A. Practice a traditional dance. B. Make handcrafts.
C Visit a local museum. D. Feed invertebrates.
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了ARTS FIRST藝術(shù)節(jié)的相關(guān)藝術(shù)展覽和藝術(shù)制作活動,并且邀請熱愛的學(xué)生或社區(qū)成員加入。
【1題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段的“We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities.(我們期待著您的到來,我們將通過表演、藝術(shù)展覽和藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作活動來展示哈佛藝術(shù)界的創(chuàng)造力。)”以及下文的四個小標題“Light Awash in Watercolor (水彩中的淡光)”;“Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity(沒有骨氣的藝術(shù)家:無脊椎的創(chuàng)造力)”;“Wheel Throwing (投擲輪子)”和“Knitting and Pom-Pom Making (編織和制作毛絨球)”可推知,ARTS FIRST是提供娛樂活動的。故選C項。
【2題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章“Light Awash in Watercolor (水彩中的淡光)”部分中的“Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors 1880 — 1990: Into the Light. (與哈佛藝術(shù)博物館材料實驗室的專家一起了解水彩顏料的材料和質(zhì)量。在即將到來的“1880 — 1990年美國水彩畫:進入光”展覽中,嘗試一下藝術(shù)家們使用的一些繪畫技巧。)”可知,如果對畫畫感興趣,可以參加Light Awash in Watercolor。故選A項。
【3題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章“Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity (無脊椎藝術(shù)家:無脊椎動物的創(chuàng)造力)”部分中的“Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of History to learn how insects and other Natural invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft materials. (和哈佛歷史博物館的Javier Marin一起學(xué)習(xí)昆蟲和其他自然無脊椎動物是如何跳舞、啟發(fā)時尚和創(chuàng)造藝術(shù)的。同時用手工材料制作你自己的無脊椎藝術(shù)家。)”可知,參與者能跟Javier Marin一起進行手工制作。故選B項。
B
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (聲音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and youre able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mothers attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. Thats why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they dont usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit thats been present in all kinds of predators (食肉動物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that its been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
4. What can be learned about cats meowing from the first paragraph?
A. Its a survival skill. B. Its taught by mother cats.
C. Its hard to interpret. D. Its getting louder with age.
5. How does a pet cat assess different situations?
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
7. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cats Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了貓通過叫聲、嗅覺和帶回禮物來表達需求、評估環(huán)境和展示愛意。
【4題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (聲音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (動物可以用很多方式來表達他們的需求。例如,幾乎所有的動物都有獨特的聲音,它們依靠這些聲音來尋求幫助,嚇跑危險的動物或?qū)ふ冶幼o。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (貓寶寶一出生就開始喵喵叫,喵喵叫是為了引起媽媽的注意和被喂食。)”可知,貓叫聲是一種生存技能。故選A。
【5題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (貓有許多敏銳的感官,但它們的嗅覺令人印象深刻。它們用鼻子來評估周圍的環(huán)境,尋找任何危險的跡象。)”可知,寵物貓通過檢查氣味來評估不同情況。故選C。
【6題詳解】
詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段劃線詞前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取習(xí)慣而聞名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (許多貓會在外面隨意找到一些東西,并把它們帶給主人。)”可知,狗以取回東西而聞名,但貓可以從外邊找到東西帶回來,因此在這一行為上更上一層樓。短語take ... up a notch是用來形容貓在帶回東西這一行為上做得更好或更出色。故選D。
【7題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 動物可以用很多方式來表達他們的需求。)”及全文可知,文章都在介紹和解釋貓的各種行為方式,包括叫聲、嗅覺和帶回禮物的習(xí)慣,以及這些行為背后的原因和意義。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的貓的行為)”作為文章標題最為合適。故選B。
C
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (鄉(xiāng)村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (區(qū)域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (補給). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
8. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.
9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
10. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year. B. About ten months.
C. About two months. D. About two weeks.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【答案】8. C 9. D 10. D 11. A
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章主要講述政府贊助了五輛名為圣盧卡斯的醫(yī)療列車為俄羅斯中部和東部偏遠地區(qū)每年提供為期10個月的巡回醫(yī)療服務(wù),為鄉(xiāng)村居民提供基本醫(yī)療檢查和治療,改善當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)療條件。
【8題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題,根據(jù)文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(鄉(xiāng)村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣盧卡斯號是五列政府資助的醫(yī)療列車之一,前往俄羅斯中部和東部的偏遠城鎮(zhèn)。每一站平均停留兩天,在此期間,船上的醫(yī)生和護士為農(nóng)村人口提供基本醫(yī)療服務(wù)、X光掃描和處方。)”可知,圣盧卡斯號與其他火車的不同之處在于它是政府資助的醫(yī)療火車,充當(dāng)醫(yī)院。故選C。
【9題詳解】
推理判斷題,第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctors appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄羅斯的公共衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)迫切需要現(xiàn)代化。政府一直在努力提出解決這一問題的措施,特別是在伏爾加河以東較貧窮的農(nóng)村地區(qū),包括通過視頻聊天安排醫(yī)生預(yù)約,擴大財政援助計劃,激勵醫(yī)生到克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等偏遠地區(qū)行醫(yī)。) ”可以推斷,Krasnoyarsk需要醫(yī)療援助,故選D。
【10題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題,根據(jù)第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (補給). ”(每年有10個月,火車兩周內(nèi)?看蠹s八個車站,然后返回地區(qū)首府進行補給和重新裝貨。) ”可知,圣盧卡斯號一份補給可以工作大約兩周,故選D。
【11題詳解】
推斷判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“醫(yī)生和他們的助手在這么小的空間里工作和生活,但仍然保持專注和非常關(guān)注,這給我留下了深刻的印象,”Ducke說。這是許多農(nóng)村人獲得他們想要的治療的最好機會!)”可知,Ducke對Saint Lukas的服務(wù)持贊賞的態(tài)度,故選A。
【點睛】
D
“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (懸疑小說). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending thats unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.
12. Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?
A. To discuss a novel. B. To submit a book report.
C. To argue for a writer. D. To ask for a reading list.
13. What did the author realize after seeing Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B. Readers are often carried away by character.
C. Each type of literature has its unique end.
D. A story which begins well will end well.
14. What is expected of a good ending?
A. It satisfies readers’ taste. B. It fits with the story development.
C. It is usually positive. D. It is open for imagination.
15. Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?
A. To give examples of great novelists. B. To stress the theme of this issue.
C. To encourage writing for the magazine. D. To recommend their new books.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章首先通過作者與教授關(guān)于小說結(jié)局的討論引發(fā)了對結(jié)局的思考,接著闡述了不同類型的文學(xué)作品結(jié)局的特點,最后提出了寫作好的結(jié)局的重要性并介紹了《Writer’s Digest》雜志如何幫助作家寫出更好的結(jié)尾。
【12題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.( “我不喜歡這個結(jié)局,”我對我最喜歡的大學(xué)教授說。那是我大三的時候,我正在做一項關(guān)于維多利亞文學(xué)的獨立研究。我剛剛讀完喬治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》,讀到結(jié)尾我很傷心。格雷西教授耐心地讓我考慮一下,不要只看我喜不喜歡)”可知,作者去找格雷西教授是為了討論小說。故選A項。
【13題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (懸疑小說). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.( 這對我來說是一個頓悟的時刻,我再也沒有想過同樣的結(jié)局。從那時起,如果我想讀一個保證幸福的結(jié)局,我就會選一部愛情小說。如果我想要一個我猜不到的結(jié)局,我會選一本神秘小說。一種是我知道會發(fā)生什么,歷史小說。選擇讀什么變得更容易了)”可知,見過格雷西教授后,作者意識到了每種類型的文學(xué)都有其獨特的結(jié)局。故選C項。
14題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.(但是寫出結(jié)局——那很難。對作家來說很難,因為結(jié)局對讀者來說意義重大。你必須平衡創(chuàng)造一個不可預(yù)測的結(jié)局,但這個結(jié)局又不能顯得憑空而來,要適合角色的設(shè)定)”可知,人們對一個好結(jié)局的期望是結(jié)局又不能顯得憑空而來,要適合角色的設(shè)定,也就是符合故事的發(fā)展。故選B項。
【15題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.( 這就是為什么這期《Writer’s Digest》旨在幫助你找出如何為你正在寫的任何類型的作品寫出最好的結(jié)局。如果是短篇小說,彼得·蒙特福德分解了六種技巧,你可以嘗試看看哪一種能幫助你完美著陸。伊麗莎白·西姆斯分析了五部偉大小說的最后幾章,看看它們包含了哪些關(guān)鍵點,以及你如何將它們應(yīng)用到你的作品中)”可知,作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊麗莎白·西姆斯是為了強調(diào)這期《Writer’s Digest》的主題,即幫助讀者寫出更好的結(jié)尾。故選B項。
【點睛】
第二節(jié)(共5小題; 每小題2分, 滿分10分)
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容, 從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。
What is moderation (適度)? Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs. You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. ____16____ But it doesnt mean saying goodbye to the foods you love.
Take your time. Its important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. ____17____ It actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full.
Eat with others whenever possible. Eating alone, “specially in front of the TV or computer, often leads to mindless overeating. And be careful about the foods you keep at hand. Its more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. ____18____
Control emotional (情緒的) eating. ____19____ Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. But by learning healthier ways to manage emotions, you can regain control over the food you eat and your feelings.
____20____ A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陳代謝), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day. Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14 — 16 hours until breakfast the next morning. Studies suggest that eating only when youre most active and giving your digestive system a long break each day may help to regulate weight.
A. Eat properly throughout the day.
B. We dont always eat just to satisfy hunger.
C. Dont swallow a meal on the way to work.
D. Most of us need to double the amount we eat.
E. Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices.
F. For many of us, moderation means eating less than we do now.
G. That wont lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan.
【答案】16. F 17. C 18. E 19. B 20. A
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文,文章主要介紹了,在飲食上注意節(jié)制及其如何節(jié)制的方法。
【16題詳解】
上文“Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs, You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. (基本上,它意味著只吃你身體需要的食物,你應(yīng)該在用餐結(jié)束時感到滿足,但不要太飽)”指出,進餐時不要吃太飽,吃東西要適量。下文“But it doesn’t mean saying goodbye to the foods you love. (但這并不意味著要告別你喜歡的食物)”指出,適量進食不是要放棄吃自己喜歡的食物。F項“對我們許多人來說,節(jié)制意味著比現(xiàn)在吃的少!苯忉屃撕螢檫m量進食。承上啟下,符合文意,選項中的“means”與下文一致。故選F項。
【17題詳解】
根據(jù)上文“Take your time. It’s important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. (慢慢來。放慢腳步,把食物看作是有營養(yǎng)東西,而不僅僅是會議間隙吃的`東西,這一點很重要)”可推知,本段主要建議讀者吃東西要細嚼慢咽,不要過于急躁。C項“不要在上班的路上急忙吃下一頓飯!背薪由衔。符合文意。故選C項。
【18題詳解】
上文“It’s more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. (如果你已經(jīng)準備好了不健康的零食,比如餅干,那么適量食用就更具挑戰(zhàn)性了。)”指出,吃不健康的食物不利于適度飲食,E項“相反,你應(yīng)該選擇健康的食物!狈衔囊,建議讀者選擇健康的食物。選項中的“healthy”與上文中的“unhealthy”相對應(yīng)。故選E項。
【19題詳解】
根據(jù)本段首句“Control emotional (情緒的) eating. (控制情緒化進食)”以及下文“Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom.(我們中的許多人也會求助于食物來處理不愉快的情緒,如悲傷、孤獨或無聊)”可推知,本段主要建議讀者不要情緒化的進行暴飲暴食,要進行健康飲食。B項“我們吃東西并不總是為了充饑!敝赋鲇行┤顺詵|西并不總是為了充饑,引出下文有些人通過食物發(fā)泄情緒,符合語境。故選B項。
【20題詳解】
設(shè)空處位于段首,總結(jié)全段,下文“A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陳代謝), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day, Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14 — 16 hours until breakfast the next morning. (健康的早餐可以啟動你的新陳代謝,而吃少量健康的食物可以讓你一整天都精力充沛,避免在深夜進食。盡量早點吃晚飯,禁食14 — 16個小時,直到第二天早上吃早餐。)”指出,我們在一天中的每個時間段都要健康飲食。A項“全天合理飲食!狈险Z境。故選A項。
第三部分 語言知識運用(共兩節(jié), 滿分45分)
第一節(jié)(共20小題; 每小題1. 5分, 滿分30分)
閱讀下面短文, 從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中, 選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
One day, we had a family dinner. While the adults were busy with their serious talk outside, I was left alone in the ____21____ to help my grandmother wash dishes. ____22____ my grandmother would tell me stories about her childhood.
Born just before WWII, my grandmother ____23____ an entirely different childhood lifestyle from mine. She did not have a chance to go to ____24____. Like in typical families, where boys were ____25____ much more than girls, my grandma had to stay at home to do ____26____. The only opportunity (機會) she could seize to ____27____ was when her brother was having Chinese ____28____ with the family tutor. She would sit quietly at the far end of the long dinner table, listening ____29____. This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down — a skill that has turned out to be quite ____30____, especially whenever we share the newspaper. On most weekends, my grandmother, a young girl then, and her brother would go to the ____31____. There, they would walk through deep water, sit down cross-legged underwater and hold their ____32____ while they watched all action going on around them. This is something I ____33____ — her ability to open her ____34____ underwater and still sit comfortably on the seabed.
My childhood is quite ____35____ compared with hers. I am ____36____ that I did not need to ____37____ the hardships like she did. Ive never faced the problem of ____38____. I guess our different childhood background is what makes my grandmother such an amazing person to ____39____ to: her stories always make my history textbooks ____40____.
21. A. sitting room B. kitchen C. yard D. dining hall
22. A. As always B. By the way C. For example D. Here and now
23. A. adjusted B. promoted C. achieved D. experienced
24. A. work B. school C. court D. press
25. A. favored B. tolerated C. trusted D. acknowledged
26. A. gardening B. homework C. business D. housework
27. A. exercise B. study C. explore D. teach
28. A. food B. guests C. lessons D. tea
29. A. closely B. directly C. nervously D. freely
30. A. professional B. awkward C. simple D. practical
31. A. market B. mountain C. beach D. class
32. A. secret B. breath C. view D. tongue
33. A. admire B. notice C. adopt D. value
34. A. hands B. mouth C. eyes D. arms
35. A. difficult B. complex C. happy D. similar
36. A. grateful B. surprised C. convinced D. regretful
37. A. reflect upon B. go through C. ask about D. prepare for
38. A. unemployment B. health C. education D. communication
39. A. attend B. refer C. lead D. talk
40. A. come true B. come round C. come out D. come alive
【答案】21. B 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. C 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. C 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. D
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者祖母的童年故事,以及作者從故事中得到的感悟。
【21題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:當(dāng)大人們在外面忙于嚴肅的談話時,我一個人留在廚房里幫奶奶洗碗。A. sitting room客廳;B. kitchen廚房;C. yard院子;D. dining hall餐廳。根據(jù)下文“to help my grandmother wash dishes”可推知,此處指作者在廚房洗碗。故選B。
【22題詳解】
考查副詞短語辨析。句意:一如既往地,我的祖母會給我講她童年的故事。As always一如既往;B. By the way順便說一句;C. For example例如;D. Here and now此時此地。根據(jù)語境,結(jié)合下文“my grandmother would tell me stories about her childhood”可推知,此處指作者的祖母經(jīng)常給作者講童年故事,這次一如既往的給作者講她童年的故事。故選A。
【23題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:我的祖母出生在二戰(zhàn)前夕,她的童年生活方式與我的完全不同。A. adjusted調(diào)整;B. promoted促進;C. achieved完成;D. experienced經(jīng)歷。根據(jù)下文“an entirely different childhood lifestyle from mine”可推知,此處指祖母經(jīng)歷的童年與作者的不同。故選D。
【24題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:她沒有機會上學(xué)。A. work工作;B. school學(xué)校;C. court法院;D. press出版社。根據(jù)下文“The only opportunity she could seize to ____7____ was when her brother was having Chinese ____8____ with the family tutor”可推知,此處在指祖母生活的年代,她是沒有機會上學(xué)的。故選B。
【25題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:就像典型的重男輕女的家庭一樣,我奶奶不得不呆在家里做家務(wù)。A. favored贊成;B. tolerated容忍;C. trusted信任;D. acknowledged承認。根據(jù)上文“She did not have a chance to go to school. Like in typical families”并結(jié)合語境可推知,此處指作者祖母生活的年代是重男輕女的,所以祖母才不被允許上學(xué)。故選A。
【26題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:就像典型的重男輕女的家庭一樣,我奶奶不得不呆在家里做家務(wù)。A.gardening園藝;B. homework家庭作業(yè);C. business商務(wù);D.housework家務(wù)。結(jié)合語境,再根據(jù)上文“my grandma had to stay at home”可推知,此處指作者祖母在家里做家務(wù)。故選D。
【27題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:她唯一能抓住的學(xué)習(xí)機會是當(dāng)她的哥哥和家庭教師一起上語文課的時候。A. exercise鍛煉;B. study學(xué)習(xí);C. explore探索;D. teach教學(xué)。根據(jù)上文“She did not have a chance to go to school.”以及下文“with the family tutor”可推知,此處指祖母不被允許上學(xué),自己找機會學(xué)習(xí)。故選B。
【28題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:她唯一能抓住的學(xué)習(xí)機會是當(dāng)她的哥哥和家庭教師一起上語文課的時候。A. food食物;B. guests客人;C. lessons課程;D. tea茶。根據(jù)上文“having Chinese”以及下文“with the family tutor”可推知,此處指祖母的哥哥和家庭教師一起上語文課。故選C。
【29題詳解】
考查副詞詞義辨析。句意:她會安靜地坐在長長的餐桌的另一端,仔細地聽著。A.closely仔細地、緊密地;B. directly直接地;C. nervously緊張地;D. freely自由地。根據(jù)上文“The only opportunity she could seize to study was when her brother was having Chinese lessons with the family tutor. She would sit quietly at the far end of the long dinner table”可推知,此處指祖母抓住學(xué)習(xí)機會,仔細地旁聽學(xué)習(xí)。故選A。
【30題詳解】
考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:這項訓(xùn)練教會了她把中文倒過來讀和寫——這項技能被證明是非常實用的,尤其是當(dāng)我們分享報紙的時候。A. professional專業(yè)的;B. awkward令人尷尬的;C. simple簡單的;D. practical實用的。根據(jù)上文“This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down”以及下文“especially whenever we share the newspaper”可推知,此處指祖母學(xué)會的技能是非常實用的。故選D。
【31題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:在大多數(shù)周末,我的祖母,當(dāng)時還是個小女孩,和她的哥哥會去海灘。A. market市場;B. mountain山;C. beach海灘;D. class班級。根據(jù)下文“they would walk through deep water, sit down cross-legged underwater”可推知,此處指祖母和哥哥去海灘玩水。故選C。
【32題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:在那里,他們會穿過深水,盤腿坐在水下,屏住呼吸,看著周圍發(fā)生的一切。A. secret秘密;B. breath呼吸;C. view視野;D. tongue舌頭。根據(jù)上文“they would walk through deep water, sit down cross-legged underwater”可推知,此處指祖母和哥哥在水下屏住呼吸。故選B。
【33題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:我很欽佩她在水下張開嘴,還能舒服地坐在海底的能力。A. admire欽佩;B. notice注意到;C.adopt采納;D. value重視。根據(jù)下文“her ability to open her ____14____ underwater and still sit comfortably on the seabed”可推知,此處指作者佩服祖母在水里的能力。故選A。
【34題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:我很欽佩她在水下張開嘴,還能舒服地坐在海底的能力。A. hands手;B. mouth嘴;C. eyes眼睛;D. arms胳膊。根據(jù)上文“open her”以及下文“still sit comfortably on the seabed”可推知,此處指祖母張開嘴在水底坐著。故選C。
【35題詳解】
考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:與她的童年相比,我的童年相當(dāng)快樂。A. difficult困難的;B. complex復(fù)雜的;C. happy快樂的;D. similar相似的。通讀全文,再根據(jù)“compared with hers”可推知,此處指與祖母的童年經(jīng)歷相比,作者的童年相當(dāng)快樂。故選C。
【36題詳解】
考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:我很感激我不需要像她那樣經(jīng)歷磨難。A. grateful感激的;B. surprised驚訝的;C. convinced深信不疑的;D. regretful后悔的。根據(jù)上文“My childhood is quite happy compared with hers.”可推知,此處指作者很感激自己的童年是快樂的。故選A。
【37題詳解】
考查動詞短語辨析。句意:我很感激我不需要像她那樣經(jīng)歷磨難。A. reflect upon思考;B. go through經(jīng)歷;C. ask about詢問;D. prepare for準備。根據(jù)上文“I am grateful that I did not need”以及下文“the hardships like she did”可推知,此處指作者感激自己不需要經(jīng)歷祖母經(jīng)歷過的那些磨難。故選B。
【38題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:我從來沒有遇到過受教育的問題。A.unemployment失業(yè);B. health健康;C. education教育;D. communication溝通。通讀全文,再根據(jù)上文“She did not have a chance to go to school.”可推知,文章主要講了祖母不被允許上學(xué),沒受過教育的困境,所以此處指作者從來沒有遇到過受教育的問題。故選C。
【39題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:我想是我們不同的童年背景讓我的祖母成為了一個交談時令人驚嘆的人:她的故事總是讓我的歷史教科書鮮活起來。A. attend出席;B. refer參考;C. lead 領(lǐng)導(dǎo);D. talk對話、討論。結(jié)合上文祖母給作者講故事,再根據(jù)上文“makes my grandmother such an amazing person”可推知,此處指祖母的經(jīng)歷使祖母成為了一個交談時令人驚嘆的人。talk to“與某人交談”。故選D。
【40題詳解】
考查動詞短語辨析。句意:我想是我們不同的童年背景讓我的祖母成為了一個交談時令人驚嘆的人:她的故事總是讓我的歷史教科書鮮活起來。A. come true成真;B. come round蘇醒;C. come out出現(xiàn);D. come alive變得生動。根據(jù)上文“I guess our different childhood background is what makes my grandmother such an amazing person to talk to: her stories always make my history textbooks”可推知,此處指作者祖母的經(jīng)歷和故事豐富了作者的人生,使歷史書上的故事變得生動鮮活,躍然紙上。故選D。
第二節(jié)(共10小題; 每小題1.5分, 滿分15分)
閱讀下面短文, 在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend ____41____ (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. They are ____42____ (treasure) of American heritage (遺產(chǎn)). How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in ____43____ is now northwestern Wyoming. They ____44____(be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
What should ____45____(do) with such a beautiful place? They wondered out loud. This area, with ____46____ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved ____47____ all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park. They all agreed and vowed (承諾) to promote the idea at the ____48____ (complete) of their journey. Their promotional work paid off. Two years later, 18 years before Wyoming became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world. Yellowstone was the ____49____ (large) United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, _____50_____ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
【答案】41. to catch
42. treasures
43. what 44. were
45. be done
46. its 47. for
48. completion
49. largest
50. which
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章講述了美國國家公園的由來,即四個男人發(fā)現(xiàn)了一處非常美的自然風(fēng)景區(qū),決定好好保護它以供后人欣賞,并為此做出了許多努力。
【41題詳解】
考查非謂語動詞。句意:盡管各級都有各種規(guī)模和類型的公園,但國家公園尤其吸引我們的注意,因為它們體積大,種類繁多。固定搭配:tend to do sth.,表示“傾向于做某事”,不定式作賓語,故填to catch。
【42題詳解】
考查名詞。句意:它們是美國傳統(tǒng)的瑰寶。treasure表示“寶藏”,為可數(shù)名詞,結(jié)合前文they are,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填treasures。
【43題詳解】
考查賓語從句。句意:1870年9月中旬,在一個涼爽、繁星點點的夜晚,四個男人在火洞河邊的營火前放松,這里現(xiàn)在是懷俄明州的西北部。后文為介詞in的賓語,is前缺主語,指物,主語用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句,作介詞in的賓語,故填what。
【44題詳解】
考查時態(tài)。句意:他們是一個由15人組成的探險隊的一部分,他們花了近五個星期的時間來見證那里的自然美景。本空前They指代上文提及的四個男人,時間為1870年,同時聯(lián)系后文had spent的過去完成時可知,本空時態(tài)為過去式且為復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填were。
【45題詳解】
考查被動語態(tài)。句意:對于這樣一個美麗的地方,我們應(yīng)該做些什么呢?主語what指物,與謂語動詞do是被動關(guān)系,情態(tài)動詞should后接be done構(gòu)成被動語態(tài),故填be done。
【46題詳解】
考查代詞。句意:這個地區(qū)擁有獨特的、令人驚嘆的自然美景,必須作為國家公園保護好,為了所有國家的人都能享受。修飾名詞beauty用形容詞性物主代詞its,故填its。
【47題詳解】
考查介詞。句意同上。介詞for表目的,表示“為了所有國家的人都能享受”。 故填for。
【48題詳解】
考查名詞。句意:他們都同意了,并發(fā)誓要在旅行結(jié)束后推廣這個想法。冠詞修飾名詞,本空應(yīng)填名詞作賓語,complete名詞形式為completion,不可數(shù),故填completion。
【49題詳解】
考查形容詞最高級。句意:黃石公園是美國最大的國家公園,占地220萬英畝,直到1978年成為國家紀念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗蘭格爾-圣伊萊亞斯在1980年以1230萬英畝的面積作為國家公園獲得這項榮譽。本空前有the,為形容詞最高級標志詞,結(jié)合下文“1978年成為國家紀念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗蘭格爾-圣伊萊亞斯在1980年以1230萬英畝的面積獲得國家公園的榮譽”可知,用large的最高級largest作定語,故填largest。
【50題詳解】
考查定語從句。句意同上。本空所在句子為定語從句,先行詞為Wrangell-Saint Elias,從句中作主語,指物,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句用which,故填which。
第四部分 寫作(共兩節(jié), 滿分35分)
第一節(jié)短文改錯(共10小題; 每小題1分, 滿分10分)
51. 假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文, 請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤, 每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。
增加: 在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(^), 并在其下面寫出該加的詞。
刪除: 把多余的詞用斜線()劃掉。
修改: 在錯的詞下畫一橫線, 并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。
注意: 1. 每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞;
2. 只允許修改10處, 多者(從第11處起)不計分。
Last week, I saw a program about Chongqing hotpot on TV. I was curious but planned a special one-day trip there with a friend of me. Our fast train was packing with passengers. A attendant gave us some travel brochures about Chongqing. When we arrived, we went straight a famous restaurant and ordered dishes, which tasted greatly. The atmosphere here made the meal all the more enjoyed. Hotpot is meant for families and friends to sit together, dip everything they like this in one pot, and shared friendship and love.
【答案】1. but→and
2. me→mine
3. packing→packed
4. A→An
5. straight后加 to
6. greatly → great
7. here → there
8. enjoyed →enjoyable
9.去掉this
10. shared→share
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述作者看了一個關(guān)于重慶火鍋節(jié)目后和一個朋友去那里一日游的經(jīng)歷。
【詳解】1. 考查連詞。句意:我很好奇,和我的一個朋友計劃了一個特別的一日游。前后句之間為順承關(guān)系,所以用并列連詞and。故將but改成and。
2. 考查代詞。句意:我很好奇,和我的一個朋友計劃了一個特別的一日游。a friend of mine我的一個朋友。介詞of后接是名詞性物主代詞作賓語。故將me改成mine。
3. 考查非謂語動詞。句意:我們的快車上擠滿了乘客。be packed with“擠滿”,pack與train是被動關(guān)系。故將packing改成packed。
4. 考查冠詞。句意:一位服務(wù)員給了我們一些關(guān)于重慶的旅游手冊。名詞attendant 發(fā)音以元音音素開頭,所以用不定冠詞an。故將A改成An 。
5. 考查介詞。句意:當(dāng)我們到達時,我們直接去了一家著名的餐館,點了一些菜,味道很好。固定短語go straight to“徑直前往”。故在straight后加 to。
6. 考查形容詞。句意:當(dāng)我們到達時,我們直接去了一家著名的餐館,點了一些菜,味道很好。tasted是系動詞,后接形容詞作表語。故將greatly 改成 great 。
7. 考查代詞。句意:那里的氣氛使這頓飯更加愉快。描述剛剛到達的餐館,用there指代上文提到的餐館。故將here 改成 there。
8. 考查形容詞。句意:那里的氣氛使這頓飯更加愉快。more后接形容詞形式,在句中作賓語補足語。故將enjoyed 改成enjoyable。
9. 考查定語從句。句意:火鍋意味著家人和朋友坐在一起,把他們喜歡的東西放在一個鍋里,分享友誼和愛。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這里為定語從句。先行詞為everything,在定語從句中作賓語,省略關(guān)系代詞that,從句中this多余。故去掉this。
10. 考查非謂語動詞。句意:火鍋意味著家人和朋友坐在一起,把他們喜歡的東西放在一個鍋里,分享友誼和愛。不定式to后接動詞原形sit ,dip和share,表示目的。故將shared改成share。
第二節(jié)書面表達(滿分25分)
52. 英語課要求做課堂展示, 請你根據(jù)所給圖片,以Development of Transport in China為題寫一篇發(fā)言稿。
注意:
1. 詞數(shù) 100 左右;
2. 題目和首句已為你寫好。
Development of Transport in China
From the vehicle of horses to todays convenient transport, Chinese transport has an enormous development.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Development of Transport in China
From the vehicle of horses to today’s convenient transport, Chinese transport has seen enormous development. Chinese transport has undergone remarkable transformations, giving the Chinese people access to different ways of travelling.
Firstly, shared bicycles have emerged as a symbol of urban mobility, offering an affordable and green alternative for short trips. Secondly, the introduction of high- speed trains has dramatically shortened travel times, making intercity travel faster and more comfortable. Lastly, the proliferation of new energy vehicles underscores China’s dedication to environmental sustainability, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. These developments illustrate China’s journey towards a modern and efficient transportation network that balances convenience with environmental responsibility.
In short, China’s transport system is embracing innovation and eco-friendliness.
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本篇書面表達屬于應(yīng)用文。要求考生根據(jù)所給圖片,以Development of Transport in China為題寫一篇發(fā)言稿。
【詳解】1.詞匯激活
提供:offer→provide
極大地:dramatically→tremendously
減少:reduce→decrease
總之:in short→in a nutshell
2.句式拓展
簡單句變復(fù)合句
原句:Firstly, shared bicycles have emerged as a symbol of urban mobility, offering an affordable and green alternative for short trips.
拓展句:Firstly, shared bicycles, which offer an affordable and green alternative for short trips have emerged as a symbol of urban mobility.
【點睛】【高分句型1】Chinese transport has undergone remarkable transformations, giving the Chinese people access to different ways of travelling.(運用了現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語)
【高分句型2】These developments illustrate China’s journey towards a modern and efficient transportation network that balances convenience with environmental responsibility.(運用了that引導(dǎo)的定語從句)
1—5 ACBCA 6—10 BBCAB 11—15 ABABC 16—20 ACBCA
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