Unit 21 She taught herself
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
知識(shí)目標(biāo)
1．詞匯
New words and phrases: teach oneself, fall off, clever, yourselves, find out, piano, poor, afford, knock, knock at, dim, pardon, to one's surprise, blind, shine, bright, brightly, through, look up, silently, come along, return, cookie, leave…behind, moonlight, sonata, write down, go on trips, care for.
2．日常交際用語
Did she learn all by herself?
Could she swim when she was…years ago?
She didn't hurt herself.
He couldn't buy himself many nice things.
Did he enjoy himself?
Help yourself.
It is time for us to leave /do something now.
It's getting late.
3．語法
并列句:
Beethoven knocked the door and it opened.
I am poor, but I always enjoy myself.
反身代詞用法
單數(shù)：myself, yourself, himself, itself
復(fù)數(shù)：ourselves, yourselves, themselves
反身代詞固定搭配：
Help yourself.
I can look after myself.
She didn't hurt herself.
Did you enjoy yourselves?
能力目標(biāo)
1．使學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用一般過去時(shí)討論過去經(jīng)歷的事情，并能在教師設(shè)計(jì)的情景中靈活使用并列句，反身代詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could。
2．使學(xué)生能夠讀懂第82課課文,回答課后的問題，并能根據(jù)上下文判斷出生詞的大意。
3．使學(xué)生能掌握本單元的相關(guān)語法項(xiàng)目，并能完成口頭和筆頭的練習(xí)。
4．使學(xué)生能夠聽懂與課文難度相當(dāng)?shù)穆犃Σ牧稀?/p>
情感態(tài)度目標(biāo)
通過本單元的教學(xué)，使學(xué)生在簡(jiǎn)要了解貝多芬生平的基礎(chǔ)上，鼓勵(lì)他們向貝多芬學(xué)習(xí)。學(xué)習(xí)他博學(xué)多才、堅(jiān)忍不拔、持之以恒，追求自己崇高理想的精神。青年學(xué)生正處于增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)和才能的黃金時(shí)期，不論遇到什么風(fēng)浪，絕不要半途而廢。相反要揚(yáng)起風(fēng)帆，把航船駛向勝利的彼岸。
貝多芬是一位著名的音樂家，他的創(chuàng)作成就極大地深化了音樂藝術(shù)的思想性和表現(xiàn)力，對(duì)后世有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。在本單元的教學(xué)過程 中教師可選用一些貝多芬的代表作，在課前或課后播放給學(xué)生聽，以陶冶他們的情操，提高他們對(duì)名曲的欣賞能力。
教學(xué)建議
教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析
本單元是以討論過去的經(jīng)歷為主要話題，同時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)反身代詞及并列句的用法，還包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 can /could的用法。在第81課中主要通過聽，說，談?wù)摰葞追N方式使學(xué)生能正確運(yùn)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can /could和過去式討論過去發(fā)生的事件。在第82課中主要是通過一篇閱讀文章來提高學(xué)生的閱讀能力。在第83課中主要是通過對(duì)貧富兩個(gè)人的介紹和一個(gè)對(duì)話使學(xué)生掌握并列句和幾個(gè)反身代詞固定搭配。在第84課中練習(xí)形式多樣，主要是對(duì)本單元內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜合練習(xí)。
教學(xué)重點(diǎn)分析
本單元的重點(diǎn)語法是并列句和反身代詞，單元的教學(xué)功能項(xiàng)目也是圍繞這些展開的。Lesson 81的對(duì)話建立在兩幅圖片的基礎(chǔ)上，就Lily的過去經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行問答，引出反身代詞的用法。Lesson 83中的介紹Mr. More和Mr. Little 兩位先生的短文，通過對(duì)各人本身過去經(jīng)歷的提問，進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)反身代詞和一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。Lesson82的課文，我們可帶著如下問題去學(xué)習(xí)：What do you know about Beethoven?全篇課文以過去的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行介紹的，我們應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)用過去時(shí)態(tài)去寫過去的事情或人物。Lesson 84的對(duì)話，我們要能夠模仿運(yùn)用，同時(shí)學(xué)會(huì)寫“Thank-you note”。
關(guān)于介紹過去發(fā)生事情的建議
1．圖片提示
The teacher can show some pictures of the students at different ages on the blackboard and ask these questions:
A. What is the girl’s name?What is she doing? What could she do when she was five years old?
B. Who is the boy? What happened at that moment? (take a plane) How did he finish the trip? (by air)
2．教師可以通過簡(jiǎn)筆畫的形式組織學(xué)生根據(jù)圖畫內(nèi)容編寫下列對(duì)話:
(1) A: Can you play computer games, Mary?
B: Yes, I can.
A: Could you play computer games when you were five years?
B: No, I couldn’t.
(2) A: Can you play violin?
B: Yes, I can.
A: Could you play the violin when you six?
B: No, I couldn’t. I began to learn to play the violin last year.
A: How did you learn it?
B: I learned it by myself.
有關(guān)并列句的教學(xué)建議
教師先寫出一些句子，讓學(xué)生分析，找出并列句的基本特點(diǎn)，最后由教師歸納這些并列連詞的用法。
然后讓學(xué)生自己做一些練習(xí)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)并列句的理解�，F(xiàn)提供兩例：
1．將下列用and 或but 連接.
A.I am poor. I am very happy.
B. I like English. I am good at it.
C. My father told Mary this story. Mary became interested in it
D. He fell off the wall. He didn’t break his arms.
2．判斷下列句中and或but的用法是否正確.
A.I can swim, and I am good at it.
B.I wanted to have a cup of coffee, and the boy passed me an orange.
C. The boy is very clever but he can answer the question easily.
反身代詞的教學(xué)建議
（1）建議教師將反身代詞歸納總結(jié)如下，便于學(xué)生記憶。
單數(shù): myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
復(fù)數(shù): ourselves, yourselves, themselves
提醒學(xué)生注意單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)的區(qū)別，-self和-selves分別用不同的顏色標(biāo)記。
教師先和學(xué)生一起找出所學(xué)過的含有反身代詞的短語。然后編制練習(xí)或?qū)υ捵寣W(xué)生反復(fù)操練。反身代詞固定搭配有：enjoy oneself, look after oneself, help oneself to. . ., hurt oneself, say to oneself, love oneself in the beautiful music, buy oneself sth. , teach oneself, all by oneself, leave sb. by ourselves等。教師可通過多種辦法讓他們多練多用。條件好的可利用多媒體讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行模仿練習(xí)。
（2）教師可以投影片出示一段介紹，然后對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行提問.
I am Tom. I am thirty. I can look after myself. I like English. I taught myself. I like playing football with my classmate too. When we play it, we enjoy ourselves very much. Yesterday, I hurt myself in the game, but the game was very exciting. I lost myself in it. I didn’t feel any pain until I got home.
Questions:
A. Can Tom look after himself? Yes, he can.
B. How did Tom learn English? He taught himself.
C. Does he enjoy himself very much when he plays football? Yes.
D .Did he hurt himself in the game last time? Yes.
F. Why didn’t he feel any pain until he got home? He lost himself in the game.
閱讀教學(xué)的建議:
（1）建議教師在閱讀之前先向同學(xué)介紹貝多芬的背景知識(shí)及一些相關(guān)的音樂方面的詞匯，使學(xué)生熟悉課文內(nèi)容。教師可以設(shè)計(jì)問題如下：
1. Do you like music?
2. What kind of music do you like?
3. Have you heard about Beethoven?
4. Can you tell us some of his famous work?
教師可以請(qǐng)學(xué)生聽一首貝多芬的《月光曲》使學(xué)生身臨其境，使學(xué)生對(duì)課文感興趣。教師還可結(jié)合語文課本中的月光曲進(jìn)行介紹，這樣學(xué)生對(duì)課文的意思就理解了。
（2）本課生單詞較多，建議教師設(shè)計(jì)一些有關(guān)的練習(xí)，多種手段幫助學(xué)生猜測(cè)生詞的意義，突破難點(diǎn)：
1. We can’t afford to buy tickets. The tickets is very expensive .I don’t have enough money to buy the tickets.
2. I am poor. I am not rich. I don’t have enough money.
3.The teacher says no more. The teacher stops talking.
4.Today is bright. There is not any cloud in the sky.
5.To his surprise, he finds he made a big mistake. He made a big mistake that makes him surprised
6.They lost themselves in the beautiful music. They listened to the music and didn’t care for other things.
（3）教師還可利用簡(jiǎn)筆畫和課文的關(guān)鍵詞，讓學(xué)生根據(jù)圖和詞匯的提示復(fù)述整個(gè)故事的概況。
能力訓(xùn)練建議
1．通過老師適當(dāng)?shù)闹v解，學(xué)生有系統(tǒng)的練習(xí)反身代詞myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves的用法。
2．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could在不同的語言環(huán)境中有不同的含義。①表示請(qǐng)求或建議，使語氣委婉。②表示can的過去式。通過口頭和書面練習(xí)，掌握它的不同用法。
3．第82課講述的是貝多芬著名的《月光奏鳴曲》。文字流暢、易讀、易懂。老師首先要求學(xué)生熟讀或背誦課文內(nèi)容，然后請(qǐng)他們加以重新組織，把課文的主要內(nèi)容用英文加以復(fù)述。
4．從本單元開始，課文增加了一項(xiàng)寫作訓(xùn)練，教師應(yīng)讓學(xué)生根據(jù)課文提示認(rèn)真練習(xí)，以便提高實(shí)際運(yùn)用語言的能力。
反身代詞
反身代詞又稱自身代詞，顧名思義，就是指動(dòng)作反射到動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身，或是在句中起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，以加強(qiáng)句子的語氣。
反身代詞的構(gòu)成
反身代詞是由形容詞性物主代詞或賓格代詞加-self或-selves構(gòu)成。
反身代詞單數(shù)以-self結(jié)尾，復(fù)數(shù)以-selves結(jié)尾；第一、二人稱是形容詞性物主代詞加self(selves)構(gòu)成，第三人稱是賓格代詞加self（selves）構(gòu)成。詳見下表：
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
單數(shù)
myself
yourself
itself
himself
herself
復(fù)數(shù)
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
反身代詞的用法
當(dāng)一個(gè)句子的主語、賓語是同一個(gè)人時(shí)，常用反身代詞作賓語。
1．作動(dòng)詞的賓語。如：
–Did you enjoy yourself in the park on Sunday?
– Yes, we did.
–Could he buy himself lots of presents?
–No, he is very poor. But his friends often give him presents.
注：反身代詞作動(dòng)詞賓語時(shí)，常見的動(dòng)詞有：enjoy, help, hurt, know, wash, look after, teach等。
2．作介詞的賓語。如：
–I finished the work by myself.
– You’re great!
3．其他用法：
反身代詞還可以作賓語的同位語。
I'll speak to the teacher himself. I don’t want someone else know it.
也可作表語用。如：
She is not herself today. She has to stay at home. She can’t go to school.
注意事項(xiàng)：
反身代詞一般無所有格，也不能放在of短語（表示所屬）后，“某人自己的”可用one's own表達(dá)。如：
–I'd like to have a car of my own.
–So you must work hard to earn much money.
反身代詞本身通常不能作主語，但可以放在并列主語后作第二主語。如：
My brother and myself both like English very much. We often talk to each other in English after class.
反身代詞與其所強(qiáng)調(diào)反身的成份在人稱、數(shù)等方面要保持一致。如：
We met Li Ming himself on the playground. We told him the good news.
He bought himself a coat with his first wage. Then he sent the rest to his mother.
并列句
由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句并列連接起來的句子叫做并列句。并列句中的各個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句意義同等重要，聯(lián)系密切。它們平行并列，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系。并列句的基本句型是：簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句。不同的并列連詞表示不同的關(guān)系。
(1)聯(lián)合關(guān)系：常用的連詞有and。如：
Beethoven knocked at the door and it opened. In the dim candle light a girl was sitting before a piano.
(2)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：常用的連詞有but。如：
I can buy myself lots of nice things but I don' t have many friends.我可以買到許多漂亮的東西但是我沒有許多的朋友。
在完成并列句的時(shí)候，容易在兩個(gè)基本的簡(jiǎn)單句的時(shí)態(tài)把握上產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤，讀者一定要分清楚它們各自所處的時(shí)間背景。在例句1中，貝多芬敲門是一個(gè)典型的過去時(shí)間發(fā)生的事情，緊隨其后的門開了也應(yīng)該是同一時(shí)間的事件；因此，并列句往往存在兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)問題。
Lesson 81 教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)方案
Teaching Objectives:
Grammar: 1. reflexive pronouns
singular: myself, yourself, himself, itself
plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
2. past tense form of can→could
Language focus:
fall off, teach oneself, hurt oneself, learn by oneself, write down
Properties: Tape-recorder, Overhead projector
Teaching Procedures:
I. Organizing the class
1. Ask the students to get ready for class.
2. Greetings between the students and the teacher.
3. A duty report.
II. Revision
Call out 2-3 students to retell the story of the tiger and the monkey learned in the last period.
III. Leading-in
1. Tell the students they are going to talk about what they could do when they were little.
2. Ask student A:
You can ride a bike now. Could you ride a bike when you were 5 years old?
Help the students to answer “Yes, I could,” or “No, I couldn’t.”
3. Ask student B, C in the same way.
4. Point out that “could” is the past tense form of “can”.
IV. Practice
1. Pairwork: Ask the students to talk with their partners and find out what their friends could do at the age of 4. Write down their answers on the form on Page 31.
2. Report: Ask the students to report their partners abilities at the age of 4.
V. Read and act
1. Presentation
(1) Draw a picture of Jim on the blackboard.
(2) Say “This is Jim. Jim’s at home. His father is at work. His mother is shopping.” Repeat, then ask “Who’s at home? Jim. Is his father/mother at home? No, Jim’s alone. He’s all by himself.” Practise “(all) by himself”.
(3) Draw a picture of Betty on the blackboard. Talk about Betty in the same way, using “Her father/mother” and “She’s(all) by herself”.
(4)Ask two students to open the door. Then ask one of them to close it: “Please close the door (all) by yourself.” Repeat with other students and other task. Introduce – “selves (ourselves, yourselves and themselves)” in the same way.
(5) Tell the students: “I am going shopping. I want to buy Li Lei some shoes. I want to buy Wei Hua a hat. I want to buy Han Meimei a dress. I want to buy myself a hat. “Ask” What do I want to buy Li Lei/ Wei Hua/Han Meimei/myself? Get the students to say You want to buy yourself some shoes/…Point out the use of “myself”. Tell the students: “You are going shopping. You want to buy your friend and yourself something.”
T: Go around the class, asking “What do you want to buy your friend/yourself? What does he/she want to buy his/her friend? What does he/she want to buy himself/herself?”
2. Students book: Page 31 Part One Speech cassette Lesson 81.
3. Look at the pictures, ask What’s Lily doing?
4. Play the tape of the dialogue for the students to listen and repeat.
5. Explain the language points.
(1) fall off從……上摔下來
①Be careful! Don’t fall off the ladder.
②–He fell off the horse and hurt himself.
–I’m sorry to hear that. I hope he’ll be well soon.
(2)hurt oneself 傷著自己
① –Did he hurt herself this time?
–No, he didn’t.
(3)teach oneself =learn by oneself 自學(xué)
–Lily taught herself swimming.
–She’s very clever.
6. Ask the students to recite the dialogue.
VI. Exercises in class
用適當(dāng)?shù)姆瓷泶~填空。
1. Help________ to some fish, Lily and Lucy.
2. Jim is old enough to look after________.
3. We all enjoyed________ in the week-long National Day holiday.
4. I hope not many people hurt ________ in the accident.
5. My mother taught_________ English at the age of 40.
6. My parents went to travel and left me by _________ at home.
Keys: 1.yourselves 2.himself 3.ourselves 4.themselves 5.herself 6.myself
VII. Homework
1. Finish exercises on page 97.
2. Make sentences with reflexive pronouns.
VIII. Summary
寫出下列動(dòng)詞的過去式。
1.do________ 2.hurt________ 3.is________
4. can________ 5. teach________ 6. learn________
7. fall________ 8. swim________ 9. sing________
10.ski________ 11. read________ 12.write________
Keys: l. did 2.hurt 3.was 4.could 5.taught 6.learned/learnt 7.fell 8.swam 9.sang 10.skied 11.read 12.wrote
IX. Writing on blackboard
Unit 21 She taught herself