考研英語真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析
在平平淡淡的日常中，我們經(jīng)常跟試題打交道，試題是參考者回顧所學(xué)知識(shí)和技能的重要參考資料。你知道什么樣的試題才算得上好試題嗎？下面是小編幫大家整理的考研英語真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。
考研英語真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析 1
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then。
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now。
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business。
31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment。
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared。
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today。
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones。
32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%。
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago。
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount。
[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old。
33. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, Paragraph 3)， Dr. Worm means that
[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly。
[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded。
[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss。
[D] the data collected so far are out of date。.
34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that
[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time。
[B] fisheries should keep the yields below 50% of the biomass。
[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level。
[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation。
35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’
[A] management efficiency。
[B] biomass level。
[C] catch-size limits。
[D] technological application。
名師解析
31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
提及大型史前動(dòng)物的滅絕是為了說明
[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment。
大型動(dòng)物容易受到環(huán)境變化的影響。
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared。
當(dāng)大型動(dòng)物消失的時(shí)候小型物種存活了下來。
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today。
大型海洋動(dòng)物今天面臨相同的威脅。
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones。
成長緩慢的魚要比成長快速的魚活得長。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】 推斷題。
【分析】 通過題干關(guān)鍵詞“大型史前動(dòng)物的滅絕”可以定位到第一段。作者提到它們的滅絕是由于人類的捕殺，作者在第一段最后一句提到，“如今類似的事情可能會(huì)發(fā)生在海洋中”。因此可以得出結(jié)論，即，作者是為了引用大型史前動(dòng)物的滅絕來引出海洋物種同樣面臨著由于人類過度捕撈而滅絕的這個(gè)話題，故正確答案是[C]。[A]、[B]、[D]選項(xiàng)都沒有能夠表達(dá)出作者的這個(gè)意圖，而只是很淺層去分析表象。
32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that
從邁爾斯博士和沃爾姆博士的論文中我們可以推斷出
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%。
一些老漁場里大型捕食類魚種的貯存量已經(jīng)減少了90%。
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago。
現(xiàn)在漁場的數(shù)量只有15年前數(shù)量的一半。
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount。
新的漁場中的捕捉數(shù)量是原來數(shù)量的20%。
[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old。
新的漁場里大型捕食類魚種的數(shù)目下降比舊的漁場快。
【答案】 A
【考點(diǎn)】 推斷題。
【分析】 根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper”可以定位到第二段最后一句，“根據(jù)他們發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的最新論文，一個(gè)新的漁場在被開發(fā)后的15年中大型捕食類魚種的生物量平均減少了80%。在有些長期捕撈的地區(qū)，自那以后，這個(gè)數(shù)量又減少了一半�！北揪涞睦斫怆y點(diǎn)就是“In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then�！边@句話里面的“since”從什么時(shí)間開始計(jì)算，影響本題的解答�！皊ince”指的是從15年結(jié)束后開始算呢，還是從15年的第一年開始算。如果是前者，則答案是[A]，因?yàn)樾碌钠骄陆?0%，然后又下降了一半，這個(gè)意思就是一共下降了90%；如果是后者，則得出舊漁場大型捕食類魚種的減少速度低于新漁場，而且只有50%�！皊ince”接時(shí)間，后面必須是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如果“since”后面接的不是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)而是時(shí)間段，則從該時(shí)間段結(jié)束的時(shí)候開始算。例句：“It has been 10 years since I lived in Beijing�！边@句話的意思不是“我在北京十年了”，而是“我離開北京十年了”。因此本題的正確答案是[A]�！皊ince”接的是15年結(jié)束后的那個(gè)點(diǎn)；而且這句話里面還有一個(gè)很關(guān)鍵的詞“again”(再次)，也很明顯說明這里指的是“在下降80%之后，又再次減少了一半”，即“余下的20%又減少了一半，只剩下10%”。
33. By saying“these figures are conservative”(Line 1, Paragraph 3)， Dr worm means that
沃爾姆博士說“these figures are conservative”(第三段第一行)，他的意思是
[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly. 捕魚的技術(shù)已經(jīng)得到快速提高。
[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded. 捕魚量比實(shí)際記錄的少。
[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss. 海洋生物量已經(jīng)蒙受了更大的損失。
[D] the data collected so far are out of date. 目前收集的數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)過時(shí)了。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】 推斷題。
【分析】 根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“conservative”的提示定位到第三段第一句。作者說“這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是保守的，因?yàn)椴遏~的技術(shù)已經(jīng)提高了。衛(wèi)星和聲納定位儀都用上了。這就意味著現(xiàn)在海里有更高比例的海洋生物被捕撈了�，F(xiàn)在和過去的真正差異可能比通過捕撈記錄的反映出來的差異更要糟糕�！苯酉聛淼囊痪湓挼囊馑际恰耙郧耙恍┳ゲ蛔〉暮Ｑ笊铿F(xiàn)在都可以抓住了，以前被鯊魚搶走的，現(xiàn)在由于鯊魚都不見了，自然被捕撈的就更多了。”作者同時(shí)提到，“由于以前
考研英語真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析 2
1. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.
解：通過關(guān)鍵詞the first paragraph定位到第一段，通過題干中的discovery定位到第一段中But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.題干中is characterized by和process分別為該句中frequently和route的同義再現(xiàn)，更可確定該句為關(guān)鍵句。通過關(guān)鍵句中ambiguous and complicated可確定答案為A項(xiàng)，A項(xiàng)中的uncertainty為ambiguous的同義替換，complexity為complicated的同義替換。其中B項(xiàng)誤解和欺騙、C項(xiàng)邏輯性和客觀性、D項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)性和規(guī)律性均不在關(guān)鍵句中，故排除。
2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection. [B] shared efforts.
[C] individual wisdom. [D] persistent innovation.
解：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph 2定位到第二段，再通過credibility process定位到第二段中This is the credibility process.，通過第三人稱單數(shù)this可知有關(guān)于credibility process的信息在上一句話，故定位到But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.，該句中的takes即為題干中requires的同義替換，故該句為關(guān)鍵句，通過關(guān)鍵句中的collective(共同的)可確定答案為B項(xiàng)共同努力。若不知collective意為共同的，則可采用排除法。其中，C項(xiàng)個(gè)人智慧和D項(xiàng)持續(xù)創(chuàng)新不在所定位段落之中，故可排除。A項(xiàng)嚴(yán)格調(diào)查，關(guān)鍵句中未提及嚴(yán)格這層含義，應(yīng)該為共同的調(diào)查才對，所以排除A項(xiàng)。
3. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
[B] has been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
解：通過關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph 3定位第三段，再通過discovery claim becomes credible定位第三段中最后一句話As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation ... Transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.可知B項(xiàng)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明需要被科學(xué)集體檢測正確。其中，A項(xiàng)中的public、C項(xiàng)editors and reviewers、D項(xiàng)peer scientists都是科學(xué)聲明變的可信的過程，需要三者共同檢測才會(huì)變的可信，故可用community概括，ACD均可排除。
4. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges. [B] discoveries today inspire future research.
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.
解：根據(jù)題文同序的原則，以及關(guān)鍵詞Albert Szent-Gyorgyi可定位第四段中Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery asseeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.可知D項(xiàng)科學(xué)工作要求批判性思維正確。其中，A項(xiàng)challenges和B項(xiàng)future research均出現(xiàn)在所定位關(guān)鍵句的前一句話中，故可排除。C項(xiàng)定位段未提及，也可排除。
5. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
[A] Novelty as an engine of Scientific Discovery. [B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science. [D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
解：考研英語閱讀文章為議論文，故全文應(yīng)該圍繞作者的論點(diǎn)展開論述，那5個(gè)題目必圍繞文章論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行，故可通過題干來鎖定論點(diǎn)范圍。前4個(gè)題目中科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和可信度字眼頻繁出現(xiàn)，故論點(diǎn)與其有關(guān)，則可排除AB項(xiàng)。其中D項(xiàng)科學(xué)入門處對可信度的質(zhì)疑只是第四段的大意，故排除，所以正確答案為C項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究中可信度的發(fā)展。
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