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考研英語語法之代詞及其指代一致
在考研英語中,代詞是一個(gè)很重要的語法內(nèi)容,而在與之相關(guān)的眾多知識(shí)點(diǎn)中,代詞指代一致又是一個(gè)非常高頻的要點(diǎn)。小編整理了考研英語語法之代詞及其指代一致,歡迎閱讀
考研英語語法之代詞及其指代一致
一、代詞的指代
1.that的指代作用
that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù),用those),后面通常跟有修飾語,如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如
Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
2.one的指代作用
one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如:
A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
A、that B、he C、one D、this
答案為C
3.do的替代作用。
do代替動(dòng)詞,注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如:
For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.
二、代詞指代一致問題
代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致,或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.
這里he指代前面的person。
It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.
這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。
Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.
這里me必須用賓格形式。
代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律:
1.鄰近和靠近原則
由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)連接先行詞時(shí)候,如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致,就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致,人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。
Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.
Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination
If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink
2.當(dāng)no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時(shí)候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時(shí)候,其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則,采取單數(shù)形式。如:
Everybody talked at the top of his voice.
None of the boys can do it , can he?
Everything is ready, isn’t it?
3.當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式,后跟each作同位語時(shí),如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果 each位于動(dòng)詞之后,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如:
They each have two coats
we are each responsible for his own family
4.由and連接兩個(gè)先行詞,代詞用復(fù)數(shù)
如:the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident
代詞使用技巧
一、人稱代詞
(一)人稱代詞的主格、賓格
人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語、表語,賓格作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語,主格和賓格不可混用。
例句: When school was over, Jack and me went home together.
分析: me應(yīng)改為I,因?yàn)樗幵谥髡Z的位置上。
譯文:Jack和我在放學(xué)后一起回家。
例句: Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. (1996年第14題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中which a person smokes是修飾each cigarette的定語從句,he指代前面的a person。
譯文: 一個(gè)人吸的每一支煙都對(duì)他的身體有害,最終他將因吸煙患上一種嚴(yán)重的疾病。
(二) it的用法
1. 代替除人以外的一切生物或事物(可代替單個(gè)詞、詞組或句子)。
例句: The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. (2000年第19題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中he composes是省略了關(guān)系代詞which/that的定語從句,修飾the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作狀語修飾enjoys。
譯文: 理想的聽眾是當(dāng)音樂奏響時(shí)既能置身其中又可超然其外的人,并且?guī)缀蹩梢韵褡髑以趧?chuàng)作音樂時(shí)那樣享受音樂。
例句: You have saved my life and I will never forget it.
分析: it指you have saved my life。
譯文: 你曾經(jīng)挽救過我的生命,我決不會(huì)忘記這件事。
2. 表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣等自然現(xiàn)象。
例句: It is time now to tell the Americans they are on the wrong track.
譯文: 現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候告訴美國人他們走錯(cuò)路了。
例句: She didnt come back until it was 12:00.
譯文: 直到12點(diǎn)她才回來。
例句: It is about 50 miles to school.
譯文: 到學(xué)校大概50英里。
3. 作形式主語(真正的主語為動(dòng)名詞、不定式或主語從句)
例句: But its interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood arent in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是to wonder if the images arent contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience;we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood是一個(gè)定語從句,修飾the images;介詞短語in some small, subconscious way作狀語,表示方式。
譯文: 我們想知道每周看到的“毫無壓力、提升幸福感”的為人父母形象是否在以某種細(xì)微的、潛意識(shí)的方式加劇我們對(duì)現(xiàn)行生活體驗(yàn)的不滿呢?這很有意思。
例句: In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。it是形式主語,定語從句who do not have a clear grasp...Constitution修飾journalists,can do是賓語從句how...的謂語部分。
譯文: 事實(shí)上,很難想象那些對(duì)加拿大憲法的基本要點(diǎn)缺乏清晰了解的新聞?dòng)浾吣軇偃握涡侣劦膱?bào)道工作。
4. 作形式賓語
例句: The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。其中it作形式賓語,真正的賓語是to be between jobs or to leave a bad one,more acceptable作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
譯文: 金融危機(jī)已經(jīng)使得等待工作機(jī)會(huì)或者辭去糟糕的工作這種行為更容易被人接受了。
例句: There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does. (1998年第7題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。no matter what he does在句中作狀語,表示讓步,分詞短語making...作over 100 night schools的補(bǔ)足語。
譯文: 這個(gè)城市有100多所夜校,這使得專業(yè)人員無論從事什么工作都有可能接受再教育。
5. 引出強(qiáng)調(diào)句(強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語以外的其他成分)
用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型: It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who/whom/which)+其他部分,被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分常為主語(從句)、賓語(從句)、狀語(從句),強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語時(shí)不能用when或where,要用that,翻譯成漢語時(shí)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分常用“是”、“正是”等來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)含義。判斷是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是去掉“it is/was”和“that(who/whom/which)”,如果余下部分是一個(gè)完整的句子,說明原句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,否則就是一個(gè)由it作形式主語的句子。
例句: It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。分詞短語beginning with...作主語the communications revolution的補(bǔ)足語,該強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語during the same time。
譯文: 與此同時(shí),通訊革命也在加速發(fā)展,從交通運(yùn)輸、鐵路開始,發(fā)展到電報(bào)、電話、無線電和電影再到20世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)。
例句: Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。句子主干為humankinds long suffering...makes...so fascinating。其中短語at the mercy of...意為“聽?wèi){……擺布,完全受……支配”。
譯文: 也許正是由于人類長(zhǎng)期聽任旱澇之災(zāi)的擺布,才使得讓洪水聽從人類的調(diào)遣這種理想令人如此癡迷。
二、物主代詞
(一)物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞
形容詞性物主代詞只能修飾名詞而不能代替名詞,而名詞性物主代詞可以代替名詞詞組,即“形容詞性物主代詞+前面所提到的名詞”。
例句: All the off shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read affectionate letters from their families. (1998年第35題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。出現(xiàn)了as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。
譯文: 海洋石油勘探隊(duì)員們讀情深意濃的家書時(shí)個(gè)個(gè)情緒高漲。
例句: He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, but hers is quite good.
分析: 該句是并列句。第一部分是個(gè)復(fù)合句,出現(xiàn)了as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。
譯文: 他因?yàn)樵愀獾陌l(fā)音而不夠資格當(dāng)英文老師,但她的發(fā)音卻非常好。
(二)不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞修飾名詞。
如:不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),男性物主代詞置于女性物主代詞前。
例句: Who do you like best, his or her friends?
譯文: 你最喜歡他的還是她的朋友?
(三)名詞性物主代詞(除its外)可與介詞of搭配,構(gòu)成雙重所有格
a/an/some/any/no/another/each/such/several/which/this/that/these/those+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。
如:
a book of mine
no fault of hers
that pen of his
例句: In March 1998, a friend of Williamss got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for additions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williamss gambling problems.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。got和wrote是兩個(gè)并列的謂語動(dòng)詞。
譯文: 1998年3月,威廉姆斯的一個(gè)朋友把他強(qiáng)行送入一家戒賭治療中心,并寫信通知賭場(chǎng)有關(guān)威廉姆斯的賭博問題。
三、反身代詞
反身代詞在句中作賓語、表語和同位語,使用時(shí)注意反身代詞與其指代對(duì)象在人稱、數(shù)和性上保持一致。
例句: According to one belief, if truth is to be known, it will make itself apparent, so one had better wait instead of searching for it. (2001年第3題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中had better+ do意為“最好做某事”。
譯文: 按照一種觀點(diǎn),真理若想眾人皆知,真理就應(yīng)該顯而易見,所以人們最好是等待而不是去探尋它。
例句: Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself of every chance to improve my English. (1999年第35題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。avail oneself of...意為“利用(機(jī)會(huì)等)”。
譯文: 我敬愛的導(dǎo)師懷特教授經(jīng)常提醒我抓住每個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)提高英語水平。
例句: The house belongs to myself.(作介詞賓語)
譯文:這套房子是我自己的。
You yourself did wrong to him.(作同位語)
譯文:是你對(duì)他犯了錯(cuò)。
四、相互代詞
相互代詞只有each other和one another兩種,通常前者表示兩者之間的相互關(guān)系,后者表示兩者以上的人或事物之間的相互關(guān)系。
例句: Language, culture, and personality may be considered independently of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. (1996年第31題)
分析: 該句是由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。
譯文: 在意識(shí)形態(tài)中,語言、文化和個(gè)性可能被認(rèn)為是相互獨(dú)立的,但事實(shí)上它們是不可分割的。
例句: In Europe, as elsewhere, multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. (2005年第47題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。句子主干為multimedia groups have been increasingly successful groups。定語從句which bring together...修飾groups,其中television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses作bring的賓語,即bring...together, 另一個(gè)定語從句that work in relation to one another修飾其前面的幾個(gè)名詞。
譯文: 在歐洲,像在其他地方一樣,傳媒集團(tuán)擴(kuò)張?jiān)絹碓匠晒,這些集團(tuán)將相關(guān)的電視、 廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。
注意: 相互代詞的所有格形式為each others,one anothers,其后接不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,不能接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
五、指示代詞
(一)this,that和these,those
指示代詞this和that的復(fù)數(shù)形式分別為these和those,在句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語,this和these表示較近的空間或時(shí)間,that和those表示較遠(yuǎn)的空間和時(shí)間。
例句: In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 過去林業(yè)工人多半是男人,可如今從事這一行業(yè)的婦女人數(shù)在增加。
例句: We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004年第62題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為We are obliged to them。because引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語從句,定語從句who spoke them修飾the peoples,as引導(dǎo)的句子可以看做插入語,補(bǔ)充說明 some of these languages have since vanished的原因。
譯文: 我們之所以感激他們(兩位先驅(qū)),是因?yàn)樵诖艘院,這些語言中有一些已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了,這是由于使用這些語言的民族或是消亡了,或是被同化而喪失了自己的本族語言。
(二)指示代詞that和those也可用于比較結(jié)構(gòu),表示前面提到的東西,避免重復(fù)
例句: The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half that of last years. (1996年第7題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句的主語是單數(shù)名詞number,因此后面指代它的代詞只能是單數(shù)that,謂語用單數(shù)。
譯文: 今年登記參加馬拉松賽跑的人數(shù)是去年的一半。
例句: His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006年第47題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句為His function is analogous to that of a judge。定語從句who must accept...修飾a judge,介詞短語in as obvious a matter as possible作狀語,用來說明reveal的方式,另一個(gè)定語從句which led him to his decision修飾the course of reasoning。
譯文: 他的職責(zé)與法官相似,必須承擔(dān)這樣的責(zé)任: 用盡可能明了的方式來展示自己作出決定的推理過程。
例句: These bunches of flowers are more beautiful than those we bought yesterday.
譯文: 這些束花比昨天我們買的那些花漂亮多了。
(三)指示代詞such在句中作主語、表語和定語
例句: Such is what you want me to do.
Such are the meanings of authentic love.
(such作表語時(shí),往往置于句首)
注意: such用作定語時(shí)和副詞so的區(qū)別在前面副詞一節(jié)中已提到。
(四)指示代詞same的用法
在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語,其前與定冠詞the連用。
例句: Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements — usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. (選自1996年Cloze Test)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 因?yàn)槭怯赏瑯拥脑貥?gòu)成——通常是碳、氫、氧,有時(shí)還有氮,所以各種維生素都很相似。
六、疑問代詞
疑問代詞用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句,其中who(whom/whose)指人,what指物,which指選擇對(duì)象。
例句: Whats the difference between love and fondness or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? (選自2007年Text 2)
分析: 該句是由or連接的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句(特殊疑問句)。
譯文: 愛情與喜歡有什么區(qū)別,幸運(yùn)和巧合的本質(zhì)是什么?
七、關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞包括who(whom,whose),that和which。that只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,其他關(guān)系代詞既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,具體用法詳見定語從句一節(jié)。
八、不定代詞
(一)both,all
1. both用于兩者,all用于三者及三者以上,其后接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),在句中可作主語、賓語、定語和同位語。
例句: Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,suggest是主句的謂語動(dòng)詞,that Indians and their neighbors...是一個(gè)賓語從句。
譯文: 來自兩個(gè)地區(qū)的史前遺跡中的類似成分表明: 印度人和他們的鄰居甚至在公元前1500年前就維持著遙遠(yuǎn)但真實(shí)的聯(lián)系。
例句: In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000年第74題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,whereas連接兩個(gè)并列分句,其中前一個(gè)分句的主句部分為the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介詞短語with...為主語補(bǔ)足語,定語從句that followed修飾changes。
譯文: 在早先實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中,其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來的對(duì)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)有深遠(yuǎn)影響的變革延續(xù)了將近一個(gè)世紀(jì),而現(xiàn)如今,一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家只用十年左右的時(shí)間就可以經(jīng)歷同樣的過程。
2. all作代詞時(shí),其后謂語動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。
例句: All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干部分是All the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修飾the information的定語從句。
譯文: 我們搜集到的與那件事有關(guān)的所有信息都是沒有意義的。
例句: All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.
譯文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去開會(huì)了。
3. both,all,every和not連用時(shí)表示部分否定。
例句:But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain” ) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (選自2005年Text 3)
分析: 該句是由分號(hào)及while連接的并列句,分號(hào)相當(dāng)于連詞and,not all...表示部分否定。
譯文: 但并不是大腦的所有部分都參與活動(dòng),控制情緒的大腦部位異;钴S,然而控制智力和推理能力的前額皮質(zhì)卻相對(duì)平靜。
例句: Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (選自2002年Use of English)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 不是每個(gè)人都能正確看待這個(gè)過程。
(二)either, neither, any, each, none, every, some
1. either和neither是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“兩者中任何一個(gè)都(不)”,作名詞或形容詞。
用法為:
either (neither) of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)
either (neither)+單數(shù)名詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)
如:Either/Neither of these stories (either/neither story) he told us is as attractive and instructive as that one.
例句: Neither kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM (rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 人們對(duì)這兩種睡眠都沒有完全了解,但認(rèn)為快速眼動(dòng)睡眠有使大腦恢復(fù)的功能。
2. either指兩者中的任何一個(gè),僅限兩者,而each用于兩者以上;either和both可互換使用,但both強(qiáng)調(diào)整體。
例句: The relationship between Latin American music and black music in the United States is evident in the unaccented beats that are common to either/both.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that are common to either/both修飾beats。
譯文: 拉丁美洲音樂同美國黑人音樂的關(guān)系明顯地表現(xiàn)在這兩種音樂各自存在著無重音節(jié)拍這一共同點(diǎn)上。
例句: We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 我們也希望每個(gè)地方都恰如其分。
3. any和none是一對(duì)反義詞,表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)都(不)”,其后謂語動(dòng)詞 的單復(fù)數(shù)參看例句。
例句: Although Professor Greens lectures usually run over the fifty minute period, none of his students ever object(s) as they find his lectures both informative and interesting.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 雖然格林教授的課通常超過規(guī)定的50分鐘,但他的學(xué)生從無一人表示反對(duì),因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)現(xiàn)格林的課既富有知識(shí)性又有趣。
例句: If any man here does not agree with me, he should put forward his own plan of improving the living conditions of these people.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 如果在座的有人不贊成我的觀點(diǎn),那么他就應(yīng)該提出他自己的改善這些人生活條件的方案。
4. any和some的主要區(qū)別在于any用于否定句、條件句和疑問句;some用于肯定句,表示期待對(duì)方的肯定答復(fù)或以問句形式向?qū)Ψ教岢鲆蠡蜓?qǐng)。
例句: He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any reliance on what he promises. (1997年第23題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 他多次辜負(fù)了我的期望,以至于我不再相信他作出的任何承諾。
例句: The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (選自2008年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是The idea is one of those hypotheses。that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others是idea的同位語從句,that dare not speak its name是hypotheses的定語從句。
譯文: 認(rèn)為某些群體的智商要高于其他群體是一個(gè)無人敢說出來的假想。
5. every只能用作形容詞,everyone指人,而every one既可以指物也可以指人。
例句: Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of practically every business operation in the whole country. (1998年第32題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,本句隱含了一個(gè)與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語氣,Without telephone相 當(dāng)于if there were no telephone。
譯文: 如果沒有電話,全國幾乎所有的商業(yè)運(yùn)作都不可能正常進(jìn)行。
例句: There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees on what constitutes a benefit to an individual.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that everyone agrees on...作assumption的同位語從句,what constitutes a benefit to an individual作介詞on的賓語。
譯文: 科學(xué)家和醫(yī)務(wù)人員普遍持有一種不正確的假設(shè),即:人們?cè)谑裁礃?gòu)成了個(gè)人利益問題上意見一致。
(三)one,the other和another
1. 兩者中一個(gè)用one表示,另一個(gè)用the other表示,不定數(shù)目中的另一個(gè)用another表示。
例句: However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. (選自2005年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為their behavior became markedly different。 when引 導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中又插入了so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句,從句中what the other...作observe的賓語。
譯文: 但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被放在隔開但相鄰的兩個(gè)房間中,而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用巖石交換了什么物品之后,他們的行為就發(fā)生了巨大變化。
例句: We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so lets have another one this month.
分析: 該句是并列句。
譯文: 上個(gè)月我們舉行了一場(chǎng)晚會(huì),很有意思。因此,我們這個(gè)月再舉行一場(chǎng)類似的晚會(huì)吧。
2. 表示三者并對(duì)三者加以說明。
表達(dá)方法如下:
one...another...and the other
one...a second...and the third
例句: I have three sisters, one is a nurse, another (a second) is a teacher, and the other (and the third) is a doctor.
注: 表示四者并對(duì)四者都加以說明的表達(dá)方式是:one...another...a third...and the fourth (the other)...。
3. One作代詞時(shí),前用形容詞或the,this,that,which,any,some,each,every等來修飾,另有one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
例句: That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (選自2006年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,means后的賓語從句省略了連接代詞that,what is in the sea作介詞 of的賓語,so引導(dǎo)的另一個(gè)分句中的the one代替前面的名詞difference,分詞短語recorded by...作后置定語修飾the one。
譯文: 這意味著更高比例的海洋物種正在被捕撈,因此現(xiàn)在和過去的真正差異可能比根據(jù)漁獲量的變化所記錄的更糟糕。
例句: One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships dutifully follow traffic rules in busy harbors. (2001年第13題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,從句that all ships...harbors作make sure的賓語。
譯文: 海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)的責(zé)任之一就是確保所有船只在繁忙的港口嚴(yán)格遵守航運(yùn)規(guī)則。
注意: that和one都可用來代表句子前面部分中的名詞以避免重復(fù): one指代可數(shù)名詞, 為不確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones;that指代可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,為確定指代,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為those。
例句: No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中that代替前面的bread,分詞短語earned by his own labor作定語修飾that。
譯文: 什么面包也不如自己勞動(dòng)掙得的面包香。
例句: Julia tried to find a good book on physics, but the bookstore she went to yesterday did not have one.
分析: 該句是并列句,其中第二個(gè)分句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,she went to yesterday是修飾the bookstore的定語從句。
譯文: 朱麗亞想找一本物理學(xué)方面的好書,但昨天她去的那家書店沒有。
4. another后接單數(shù)名詞,表示的意思是“另一個(gè),又一個(gè)(one more);另外的,別的(some other);不同的(a different)”。
例句: Her mother will be back in another moment, and we have to wait for her.
分析: 本句是以and連接的并列句。
譯文: 她媽媽再過一會(huì)兒就回來,我們還是等等她吧。
例句: We will visit the History Museum another day.
譯文: 我們改天參觀歷史博物館。
例句: He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will expire at the end of this month. (1998年第34題)
分析: 該句是由yet連接的并列句。
譯文: 他正計(jì)劃再到國外去旅游,但是他的護(hù)照這個(gè)月底就到期了。
5. other通常接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,在any other,every other, no other,some other,the other,one other后,名詞也可用單數(shù)形式。
例句: As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with other politicians. (1997年第19題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中As far as I am concerned為插入語,other politicians相當(dāng)于other politicians politics,分詞短語compared with other politicians在句中作狀語表示時(shí)間或條件,相當(dāng)于when/if his politics are compared with other politicians。
譯文: 依我看,與其他政治家的政治觀點(diǎn)相比,他的觀點(diǎn)更加保守。
例句: No other book has had a greater influence on my life.
譯文: 任何書對(duì)我一生的影響都沒有這本書大。
例句: Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.
譯文: 威爾遜發(fā)現(xiàn)除了他自己外只有一個(gè)客人。
注意: other與數(shù)目連用時(shí)其位置如下:
基數(shù)詞+ other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞;
the other+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the+基數(shù)詞+other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
(四)few,a few; little,a little
few和a few修飾可數(shù)名詞;little和a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞;a few和a little具有肯定含義;few和little具有否定含義;the few和the little表示肯定含義。
例句: A few premiers are suspicious of any federal provincial deal making.(選自2005年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。
譯文: 一些省督們對(duì)由聯(lián)邦政府聯(lián)合各省進(jìn)行談判的做法心存懷疑。
例句: The roles expected of old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. (2000年第7題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,其中分詞短語expected of old people在句中作定語修飾the roles。
譯文: 在此情況下,對(duì)老年人角色的期望使得他們幾乎無法得到心理上的滿足,也就無法享受正常的幸福生活。
例句: Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,of which obtaining water is...是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句修飾 problems,the least是the little的最高級(jí)表示肯定意義。
譯文: 居住在澳大利亞沙漠中心有其自身的問題,其中,獲取水是很嚴(yán)峻的問題。
例句: They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006年第50題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,定語從句which involve moral judgment修飾problems,but前后是兩個(gè)并列句。
譯文: 他們可以教得很好,而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水,但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒有對(duì)需要進(jìn)行道德判斷的關(guān)于人的問題講行獨(dú)立思考。
(五)most
most表示大多數(shù)、大部分或最大數(shù)量、最大程度等,作代詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞。
例句:Its hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。在主句中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children;在原因狀語從句中,it代表前面提到的to want children;冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的解釋。
譯文:很難想象,僅僅因?yàn)槔锼购桶布惸仁埂吧⒆印笨雌饋眍H具魅力,很多人就愚蠢地跟風(fēng)效仿:大多數(shù)成年人都明白撫養(yǎng)孩子并不像理發(fā)那樣簡(jiǎn)單。
例句: Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of their space to recent events, usually manage to find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics. (2000年第17題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主句為Most newspapers usually manage to find room on the inside pages...topics。從句while后的完整形式應(yīng)為while they are devoting the major part of their space to recent events。
譯文: 大多數(shù)報(bào)紙將主要版面用來報(bào)道近期發(fā)生的事件,但通常也會(huì)在內(nèi)頁留出空間刊登一些趣聞。
例句: Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant在句中充當(dāng)表語從句,定語從句whose brain is...rapidly修飾the infant。
譯文: 其原因往往是母親對(duì)大腦已做好快速學(xué)習(xí)語言準(zhǔn)備的嬰兒所發(fā)出的信號(hào)不敏感。
1. 單獨(dú)使用時(shí),most前無冠詞。
例句: Some of the people stayed behind, but most went.
分析: most=most people,動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
2. most后帶有限制性定語從句時(shí),前加the。
例句: The most this hall can seat is 1,000.
分析: 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,this hall can seat這個(gè)定語從句修飾the most。seat是動(dòng)詞,意為“為……提供座位”。
譯文: 這個(gè)大廳最多能容納一千人。
3. most of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“大多數(shù)……”;most of+形容詞性物主代詞+單數(shù)名詞表示“大部分……”。
例句: Mr.Pollard has visited most of the countries in Europe.
譯文: 波勒德先生已經(jīng)訪問了歐洲大多數(shù)國家。
例句: Most of her book deals with problems in political economy.
譯文: 她的書大部分都是論述政治經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的問題的。
例句: Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. (選自1998年Text 2)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,and前一分句中that companies make是一定語從句修飾the changes,后一分句中this指代前面句子的所有內(nèi)容,冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容作解釋。
譯文: 此外,公司改革的目的大部分是為了盈利,這種需求并不一定總是能夠提高生產(chǎn)率: 轉(zhuǎn)入新的市場(chǎng)或改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也能獲得同樣的效果。
4. most作副詞時(shí)構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí);在通俗英語中most=very,修飾形容詞或副詞,most與mostly的區(qū)別在于后者作“大部分”講(=for the most part)。
例句: The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. (2001年第14題)
分析: 該句是簡(jiǎn)單句,is與seems to是兩個(gè)并列謂語。
譯文: 愛斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任別人也最體貼他人的人,然而他們對(duì)自己的動(dòng)物的福利卻好像漠不關(guān)心。
例句: What Mr.Jelly said is mostly (=for the most part) correct.
譯文: 杰勒先生說的話大部分是正確的。
5. most+名詞,表示泛指;most of the+名詞,表示特指。
例句: Most Chinese like fast food.(泛指)
Most of the people in this district are fond of CCTV5.(特指)
譯文:這一個(gè)區(qū)里的大部分人都喜歡看中央五臺(tái)。
九、連接代詞
連接代詞包括who, whom, whose, what, which, that。其中除what外,其他連接代詞也可作關(guān)系代詞,其區(qū)別在于連接代詞引導(dǎo)的是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等名詞性從句,而關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的是定語從句。
(一)引導(dǎo)主語從句
例句: That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system在句中充當(dāng)主語。
譯文: 太陽是我們行星系的中心(而不是地球)這一概念在中世紀(jì)是很難讓人明白的。
例句: It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009年第46題)
分析: 該句是由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but連接的并列句,其中第一個(gè)分句中it作形式主語,真正的主語是that the measure of the worth...,of any social institution是worth的后置定語,in enlarging and improving experience是its effect的后置定語。
譯文: 或許可以說,要衡量任何一種社會(huì)制度的價(jià)值就要看它在豐富和提升人們經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面的影響,但是這種影響并不是其最初動(dòng)機(jī)的一部分。
(二)引導(dǎo)賓語從句
例句: He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully”. (2008年第49題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)是he was superior to..., 其中包含了由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,in noticing things與in observing them carefully是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。
譯文: 他又自謙地說,或許自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物,并對(duì)其加以仔細(xì)觀察方面優(yōu)于常人”。
例句: I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional. (1998年第3題)
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,其中短語assure sb. that...意為“向某人保證某事”。
譯文: 如果我冒犯了你,我向你道歉,但我保證那不是故意的。
(三)引導(dǎo)表語從句
例句:One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (選自2011年Text 1)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。其中,why the appointment came as such a surprise是一個(gè)定語從句,修飾reasons,however作插入語,介詞短語as such a surprise作狀語,修飾came;主句的主干部分是One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little known。
譯文: 然而,該任命顯得如此突然的原因之一就是吉爾伯特比較不為人知。
例句: The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (選自2006年Text3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that people have failed to...changes是一個(gè)表語從句,which have happened in the ocean作changes的定語,because后引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語從句。
譯文: 這個(gè)概念是說人們沒有注意到發(fā)生在海洋里的巨大變化,因?yàn)槿藗冎皇腔仡櫫诉^去很短一段時(shí)間。
(四)同位語從句(通常由that引導(dǎo),也可由whether,what,when,where,why,how引導(dǎo),進(jìn)一步說明其前名詞的具體內(nèi)容和含義)
例句:Allens contribution was to take an assumption we all share — that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts — and reveal its erroneous nature. (2011年第46題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是Allens contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。其中we all share是一個(gè)定語從句,修飾assumption;that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts是一個(gè)同位語從句,與assumption為同位語關(guān)系。
譯文:愛倫的貢獻(xiàn)在于他提出了一個(gè)公認(rèn)的假設(shè)并揭示了其錯(cuò)誤本質(zhì),即“我們不是機(jī)器人,因此我們能控制自己的思想”。
例句: But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007年第48題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主干結(jié)構(gòu)為the idea...rests on an understanding..., that the journalist must...an ordinary citizen是the idea的同位語從句。
譯文: 新聞?dòng)浾邞?yīng)該比普通公民更加透徹地了解法律,但這種看法是基于他們對(duì)新聞媒體業(yè)已確立的規(guī)約和特殊責(zé)任的理解。
(五)whatever, who(m)ever, whichever
連接代詞what+ever指不定數(shù)目中無論什么,用于物;who(m)+ever指不定數(shù)目中無淪是誰,用于人;which+ever指確定數(shù)目中無論哪一個(gè),用于人或物。
例句: Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (選自2008年P(guān)art B)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out..., whatever outline you have made作flesh out(使充實(shí)、具體化)的賓語,從句中develop...into意思是“發(fā)展成;變成”。前半部分是now that引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 既然你已經(jīng)將一個(gè)主題拓展成了一個(gè)初步的論題,那么你就可以整合筆記內(nèi)容,豐富自己擬定的提綱。
例句: Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage — spying as a “profession”. (選自2003年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,whatever tools came to...作using的賓語,破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)espionage的解釋說明。
譯文: 多諾萬認(rèn)為在職業(yè)間諜活動(dòng)這一“偉大事業(yè)”中可以利用任何有用的工具。
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