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考研英語復(fù)習(xí):長難句劃分技巧及實(shí)例分析
長難句在考研閱讀、完型填空和翻譯中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高,無論句子有多長、結(jié)構(gòu)有多復(fù)雜,它都由一些基本的成分組成的。從結(jié)構(gòu)來說,英語句子中,除了謂語之外,其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語動詞來充當(dāng)。從句本身是一個完整的句子,因此,從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列、平行。從功能來說,英語有三大復(fù)合句,即:①名詞性從句,包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;②形容詞性從句,即我們平常所說的定語從句;③狀語從句。非謂語動詞可以有自己的時態(tài)和語態(tài)(過去分詞除外),也可以跟自己的邏輯主語、賓語、狀語等成分,構(gòu)成一個非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。由于非謂語動詞和從句的這些特點(diǎn),使英語句子從理論上講可以無限延長。
英語長句的分析方法:去枝葉,留主干。
1)劃出句子中的定語從句和狀語從句;
2)劃出所有介詞短語(位于be動詞后的除外);
3)名詞性從句看作一個整體,找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;
4)非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個整體;
5)找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,即句子的主干;
6)分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語動詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。
長難句分析的步驟舉例
經(jīng)典例題(2001年考研完型填空第二段)
In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.
分析:
第一,劃出定語從句和狀語從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.
第二,劃出介詞短語:In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press
第三,句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:
(1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(Lord Irvine含同位語the Lord Chancellor)+將來時謂語(will introduce)+賓語(a draft bill);
(2)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾draft bill,其中,will propose 是第一個謂語,making payments to witnesses illegal是一個動名詞短語做賓語,在動名詞短語內(nèi)部,payments to witnesses做making的賓語,illegal是賓補(bǔ);第二個謂語是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的賓語。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個時間狀語從句(before a trial begins)的定語從句,修飾publicity。
請大家按照上述步驟認(rèn)真分解以下的句子,并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過,則基本上可以解決考研長難句問題。
考研英語十大長難句實(shí)例分析
1. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 本句是由for連接的兩個因果關(guān)系的并列句;for前面的部分是表示結(jié)果的分句,此句結(jié)構(gòu)是when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句+主句,主句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是... it is advisable to ...,其中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu);動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中又包含一個what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,做find out的賓語;for后面的部分是表示原因的分句,此句結(jié)構(gòu)是:讓步狀語從句+主句,主句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是... it is possible that... ,it 是形式主語,真正的主語是后面的that從句;
譯文: 當(dāng)一場新的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動形成某種時尚時,理應(yīng)弄清其倡導(dǎo)者的目標(biāo)所在,因?yàn)闊o論他們的準(zhǔn)則在今天看來是多么牽強(qiáng)附會、不可思議,將來都有可能被視為正常的。
2.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 本句主干部分是The ... result has been to make entrance ... harder for amateurs...; 第一個逗號后面是一個名詞性短語,中心詞是the result,后面是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句;此定語從句中包含兩個并列狀語,其結(jié)構(gòu)為first by ... and then by ... ;
譯文: 其總的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員的論文進(jìn)入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使論文發(fā)表的難度進(jìn)一步加大,這一制度開始是在19世紀(jì)的全國性雜志出現(xiàn)的,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。
3.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是... this project has turned out to be ... findings ...; findings前面的mostly low-level是findings的修飾成分,后面的about ... 介詞結(jié)構(gòu)是賓語findings的賓語補(bǔ)足語;逗號后面的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)combined是狀語成分,表示一種伴隨的動作;
譯文: 遺憾的是,這次調(diào)查的結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報道中的事實(shí)錯誤、拼寫或語法錯誤,以及特別令人費(fèi)解的困惑:讀者到底想讀些什么。
4.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."
結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 本句句子主干是A lateral move ... prompted me to ...; move后面是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾a lateral move, that在從句做主語;第一個逗號后面的是狀語成分,兩個逗號之間的部分是插入語;
譯文: 一次平級的人事調(diào)動傷了我的自尊心,并阻礙了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),當(dāng)然,就像顏面掃盡的政府部長那樣,我也掩飾說“我想多陪陪家人”.
5.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life" , and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是I have discovered ... + that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;as引導(dǎo)的句子是伴隨狀語,可以看作是插入語;在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,主語是兩個動名詞短語:abandoning ... and making ...,謂語是brings;
譯文: 我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過大,凱爾茜已多次公開宣稱要辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)):放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉(zhuǎn)而過一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來的回報,比經(jīng)濟(jì)成功和社會地位更有價值。
6.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)為researchers ... have began to extend that forecast...;逗號前面為狀語成分,包含一個when引導(dǎo)的定語從句,其中it是形式主語,appear后面是that引導(dǎo)的是主語從句;
譯文: 雖然一開始在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代有過一段樂觀的時期--那時候仿佛晶體管電路和微處理器的發(fā)展將使它們在2010年能夠模仿人類大腦的活動--但是最近研究人員已經(jīng)開始將這個預(yù)測延后數(shù)十年,甚至數(shù)百年。
7. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect" , a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects - a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the a
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