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2015考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的選項(xiàng)設(shè)置解密
“一年之計(jì)在于春”，眼下正是春意盎然之時(shí)，對(duì)于考研的學(xué)子們來(lái)說(shuō)，“春”并不是單純的賞花踏青的時(shí)節(jié)，而是備戰(zhàn)考研的關(guān)鍵起點(diǎn)!那么，如何在春季做好基礎(chǔ)階段的考研英語(yǔ)備考呢?提醒大家，此時(shí)，要抓住復(fù)習(xí)的三個(gè)重點(diǎn)：詞匯意義辨析;語(yǔ)法長(zhǎng)難句分析;閱讀文章解析。這三個(gè)部分我們已經(jīng)在前邊的文章中做過(guò)了闡述。尤其是閱讀部分歷來(lái)都是考研英語(yǔ)的“重頭戲”，今天的文章就重點(diǎn)說(shuō)一說(shuō)考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的選項(xiàng)設(shè)置問(wèn)題。
一、從狀語(yǔ)等修飾語(yǔ)的角度出題
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的文章句子一般較長(zhǎng)，出題人往往只從句子當(dāng)中的某一個(gè)成分處設(shè)題，特別是定語(yǔ)成分和狀語(yǔ)成分。例如：
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children — though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black solders during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.
40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his
[A] moral considerations.
[B] military experience.
[C] financial conditions.
[D] political stand.
【解析】題干問(wèn)的是華盛頓給奴隸自由的決定是源于什么，也就是問(wèn)原因，顯然我們需要找原因狀語(yǔ)的分。文中最后一段的“Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black solders during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.”明確指出是因?yàn)椋篴fter observing the bravery of the black solders during the Revolutionary War，華盛頓才做了這個(gè)決定，所以答案選[B]“軍事經(jīng)歷”。
二、對(duì)原句進(jìn)行同義詞替換
對(duì)原文句子中個(gè)別詞匯進(jìn)行同義詞替換，從而制造出同義答案，這是考研閱讀選項(xiàng)設(shè)置的常見(jiàn)手法。大家需要在做題的過(guò)程中不斷積累同意替換詞。
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
【解析】這個(gè)題目需要對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行排除。文中第三句說(shuō)：even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. 盡管人類已經(jīng)直立行走了很多年，我們的腳和背都在承受的直立行走的壓力，不能夠承受大型的肢體所帶來(lái)的持續(xù)壓力。由此可以推斷出，人類身高收到直立行走的限制，選項(xiàng)[B]中conditioned是對(duì)原文struggle with的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。
三、對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)折或否定進(jìn)行正反替換
原文中用否定方式表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)中可能用肯定的方式把同樣的意思表述出來(lái)。同樣，原文中用肯定方式所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，命題者在設(shè)定選項(xiàng)時(shí)可能用否定的方式來(lái)進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)述(如雙重否定句，或者一個(gè)否定形式加上另一個(gè)否定詞如never, none等)。
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.
[A] turning of the business cycle
[B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management
[D] success in education
【解析】答案出處顯然定位在第二句，“沒(méi)有幾個(gè)美國(guó)人將此僅僅歸因于美元貶值或商業(yè)周期變化這樣顯而易見(jiàn)的原因”。關(guān)鍵在“顯而易見(jiàn)”，說(shuō)明“美元貶值或商業(yè)周期變化”是作者認(rèn)同的原因。原文用表示否定的詞“few”進(jìn)行表述，而選項(xiàng)則用了肯定方式表達(dá)了同一意思。
閱讀文章分析，是做好閱讀的基礎(chǔ)，必須做到精細(xì)到位!而研究選項(xiàng)設(shè)置則是我們提高閱讀應(yīng)試技巧的必要手段，所以請(qǐng)大家務(wù)必在學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中多關(guān)注選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置方法，積累同義替換詞。大家可以從早年閱讀真題開(kāi)始做起，慢慢積累學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。考研，“貴在堅(jiān)持”，你我共勉之!
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