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高考英語語法動詞講解(2)
4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
①用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動作;
He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
�、诜彩遣荒苡糜诂F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的動詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時。
5.一般過去時
�、俦磉_(dá)特定的過去時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或?yàn)?
He often sang when he was a boy.
He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.
�、谟糜贗 didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。
用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。
I didn’t know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)
Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書”已成為過去的事了)
這一用法考生要特別注意。
注意：參看過去將來時的用法②。
6.過去進(jìn)行時
�、俦硎具^去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作(這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示);
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
②表示動作在另一過去動作發(fā)生時進(jìn)行;
They were still working when I left.
�、塾迷趦蓚�過去進(jìn)行時動作同時發(fā)生;
I was writing while he was watching TV.
④過去計劃、安排好的將來動作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);
He said she was arriving the next day.
�、菖calways, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。
(參看現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的用法④)
Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.
�、捱^去進(jìn)行時可用來描繪故事發(fā)行的背景。
The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.
7.過去完成時
①表示在過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning.
②表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
�、圻^去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等動詞)。
I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
我本來想昨天拜訪你的，但是下雨(讓我不能來)。
注意：
▲過去完成時必須以過去某一時刻為基點(diǎn)，即“過去的過去”。因此只有在和過去某時或某動作相比較時才用到它;
▲before, after本身表示時間的“前”“后”明顯，因此可用一般過去時代替過去完成時。
He (had) left before I arrived.
8.一般將來時
一般將來時有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記�。�
▲will/shall do (側(cè)重將來行為，不突出計劃安排去做某事)
▲be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)
▲be doing (按計劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來時間連用)
▲be about to do (按計劃即將發(fā)生)
一般將來時的用法：
①現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)
Tom will come next week.
He will be here tomorrow.
�、谑挛锏墓逃袑傩曰虮厝悔厔�
Oil will float in water.
Fish will die without water.
�、蹖砟硞�動作的安排、計劃
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
9.將來完成時
用來表示在將來某個時刻(前)將完成的動作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
10.過去將來時
�、龠^去某一時刻后將要發(fā)生的過去動作或過去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語從句中);
She was sure she would succeed.
I thought you would come.
把一般將來時中的助動詞變成過去式，便成了過去將來時的表達(dá)形式。
�、诒硎具^去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。
When he was young, he would go swimming.
注意：would與used to的區(qū)別：would只表示過去，不涉及現(xiàn)在，而used to表示“過去常�！币c現(xiàn)在比較，即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了。
11.要求一定時態(tài)的固定的句型
�、賥as/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事，這時突然……)
I was reading a book when the bell rang.
�、趙as/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，這時突然……)
We were about to leave when the telephone rang.
�、跧t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
It’s the first time I’ve seen her.
We have been there three times.
如果句中有比較確定的時間狀語，則服從時間狀語的要求。
Last year I saw him many times.
�、躀t is/has been… since…
It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.
⑤Hardly… when…No sooner… than…
Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.
I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.
�、轎t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
This is the first time I have been here.
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.
III.被動語態(tài)的用法
被動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動作的承受者，也就是動作的對象，一般說來只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動詞的過去分詞"。助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變化為被動語態(tài)時，由"情態(tài)動詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其構(gòu)成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。
1.被動語態(tài)的適用范圍
①當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。這時不用by短語。
This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。
�、跒榱藦�(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。
�、鄢鲇诓呗�、委婉、禮貌等不提出動作的執(zhí)行者
You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說你最近很活躍。
常用于如下句型：
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 據(jù)說……
It's reported that… 據(jù)報道…… It's not decided that…尚未決定
It's believed that… 據(jù)認(rèn)為…… It's announced that…據(jù)宣布……
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