- 相關(guān)推薦
閱讀理解提速技巧及仿真試題(3)
五、掌握詞匯和語法的銜接
詞匯或語法銜接(cohesion)指篇章中通過語法手段或不同的詞匯形式以達(dá)到語義上的銜接連貫，這種聯(lián)系表現(xiàn)為以下幾種：
(一)重復(fù)(reiteration)：1.原詞的重復(fù)，又叫原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，指同一主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。2.同義或近義詞的銜接，又叫同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，指同義詞、近義詞重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在語篇中，語篇中的句子通過這種關(guān)系達(dá)到了相互銜接。坐標(biāo)詞與下義詞的銜接，上坐標(biāo)詞是指那些意義較概括的詞，它們的詞義包括了下義詞的詞義，如bird就是swallow的上坐標(biāo)詞。上坐標(biāo)詞與下義詞在語篇中相互銜接。
(二)共現(xiàn)(cooccurrence )：又叫搭配性銜接(collocation cohesion)，意指一系列相關(guān)的詞項(xiàng)在篇章中的經(jīng)常共現(xiàn)。搭配性銜接對語言信息的生成和解釋均有一定的指導(dǎo)作用，有助于對篇章的潛在的語義演進(jìn)(semantic evolution)做出預(yù)測和推測(anticipation and prediction)。
(三)替代(substitution)：語篇中的代詞構(gòu)成了替代銜接關(guān)系，一般而言，one指代前面的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；that指代前面的不可數(shù)名詞或句子；this指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或句子；it指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或整個(gè)句子；they或them指代前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
結(jié)合前面所講的必備知識(shí)及解題策略進(jìn)一步分析2006年考研大綱中提供的樣題，具體掌握解題思路與策略應(yīng)用。
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any
of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some ofthese animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.
（41） . Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
（42） .Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects, of which we know nothing.
（43） .There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
（44） . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
（45） .About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
［A］The shell gush have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
［B］Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
［C］The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
［D］The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
［E］The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sallies , relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
［F］When an animal dies the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved
［G］Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
41.【解析】選［B］。本題主要通過句組關(guān)系的理解來解答。跳過空格閱讀第一段可以看出，本段主要講述了史前動(dòng)物的存在(第一句)、部分種類的滅絕(空格前第二句，句中they have no descendants alive now是對extinct一詞的解釋)以及從化石(rocks as fossils)中我們所能發(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)百萬年前就死掉了的動(dòng)物的精確印記(空格后第一句)和當(dāng)時(shí)的地貌及氣候特征(空格后第二句)。由此，我們就看到了空格前后兩個(gè)句組所敘述內(nèi)容之間的矛盾和內(nèi)容上的不足：1)既然已經(jīng)“滅絕”，怎么還能了解有關(guān)的這一切呢？說明空格前的句子與其空格所在的句子之間具有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。2)空格后第一句中the rocks指的又是什么石頭呢？需要在前有所提及，即正確選項(xiàng)中應(yīng)包含有rock這個(gè)詞。能夠同時(shí)滿足這兩個(gè)條件的只有選項(xiàng)［B］。［A］、［E］、［G］中也提到了rock，但在句際關(guān)系上與前后句組不相吻合，故不正確。所以正確答案只能是［B］。
42.【解析】選［F］。文章第一段說明了化石是我們研究史前動(dòng)物的主要依據(jù)，而本段則主要說明了這些化石的形成�？崭窈蟆皫缀跷覀兯乃谢际窃谟捎谒饔枚纬傻膸r石中保存下來的 (Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action) ”一句是一個(gè)結(jié)論性表述，之前應(yīng)有“水作用形成的巖石(rocks formed by water action)”這一過程的細(xì)節(jié)描述。［F］的內(nèi)容正好說明死去動(dòng)物的尸體是如何被水和泥沙保存下來的，與此恰相吻合，所以選［F］。此題極易錯(cuò)選［G］，因?yàn)椋跥］一開始就有how fossils are preserved，后面又出現(xiàn)了impression一詞，在用詞上出現(xiàn)明顯的復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象。 但是［G］后面講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織“organism”可能轉(zhuǎn)化成的幾種形式，這與下文的內(nèi)容不相吻合，故不選［G］。
43.【解析】選［E］。本題選擇的線索有兩條：1)空格后有“There were also crablike creatures...”，說明空白處應(yīng)有關(guān)于另一類動(dòng)物的內(nèi)容；2) 從本段開始，文章轉(zhuǎn)向討論由低級(jí)向高級(jí)進(jìn)化中的動(dòng)物。［E］開始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found...”，符合文章寫作的順序。［B］與上文相符，但與下文不符，且與全文結(jié)構(gòu)不相吻合。
44.【解析】選［A］。從上一段和本段的 “段際關(guān)系”來看，兩段屬于順接關(guān)系，即兩段在相繼描述兩種不同層級(jí)、不同種類的史前動(dòng)物。從段落結(jié)構(gòu)上來看，兩段的開頭句都是其主題句，下文接著展開進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)描述。特別是本段空格后的Of these, ...，標(biāo)志著空格后一句是空格所在句的拓展句。既然下文一開始就有Of these, ...，空白部分就應(yīng)該有“some，several，many”或類似的詞；再者，此段中關(guān)于the ammonites(總類中的一種，考生不必知道其確切含義)的描述，主要闡述了其shell的構(gòu)造，由此說明shell是其主要特征，故在 “總類”的描述(即空缺句)中應(yīng)該含有shell一詞，這就不難判斷答案只能是［A］了。
45.【解析】選［C］。此空獨(dú)立成段，所以只能從段際關(guān)系來分析。因?yàn)榍皟啥蚊枋隽耸非皠?dòng)物由低級(jí)向高級(jí)的進(jìn)化過程，而此段后就是結(jié)尾段，因此,此段必然要起“承上啟下”的作用。所謂 “承上”，是指要對上文進(jìn)行一定的概括、總結(jié)；所謂 “啟下”則是要引出下文。下文中的“reptile”在本題空白處前面的文章中從沒有提到，在下文中又沒有作為新信息，因而作為正確答案的選項(xiàng)中一定有這個(gè)詞。［C］從375 million years ago的化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)到300 million years ago的化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及此后nearly 150 million years內(nèi)the reptiles的存在，不但對史前動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化過程做了很好的概括，而且為下文the Age of Reptile的出現(xiàn)打下了伏筆，是一個(gè)很好的“承上啟下”的過渡段，所以正確答案只能是［C］。
仿真試題
Passage 1
It was a cold, rainy and wholly miserable afternoon in Washington, and a hot muggy night in Miami. It was Sunday, and three games were played in the two cities. The people playing them and the people watching them tell us much about the ever-changing ethnic structure of the United States.
Professional football in the United States is almost wholly played by native-born American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many of them black. It is a game of physical strength. Linemen routinely weigh more than 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weigh and muscles, for how fast they can run, and how hard they can hit each other. Football draws the biggest crowds, but the teams play only once a week, because they get so battered.
The 67,204 fans were in Miami for the final game of the baseball World Series. Baseball was once America#39;s favorite game, but has lost that claim to basketball.
Baseball is a game that requires strength, but not hugeness. Agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength. Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread around much of the New World. In that Sunday#39;s final, the final hit of the extra inning game was delivered by a native of Columbia. The Most Valuable Player in the game was a native of Columbia. The rosters of both teams were awash with Hispanic names, as is Miami, which now claims the World Championship is a game that may be losing popularity in America, but has gained it in much of the rest of the world. Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor, with a dash of Japanese added for seasoning.
Soccer, which many countries just call football, is the most widely enjoyed sport in the world. In soccer, which many countries just call football, the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball. Until recently, professional soccer in the United States has largely been an import, played by South Americans and Europeans. Now, American citizens in large numbers are finally taking up the most popular game in the world.
Basketball, an American invention increasingly played around the world, these days draws large crowds back home. Likewise, hockey, a game largely imported to the United States from neighboring Canada. Lacrosse, a version of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived, is also gaining a keen national following.
Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchair enthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
1.Which of the following can reflect the ever-changing ethnic structure of America?
[A] Sportsman. [B] Audience. [C] Both of them. [D] None of them.
2.Who play professional football in the United States?.
[A] Native-born American citizens.[B] Europeans.
[C] South Americans. [D] Both B and C.
3.What is America#39;s favorite game?
[A] Baseball. [B] Basketball. [C] Professional football. [D] Soccer.
4.Which of the following statements about soccer is true?
[A] In soccer and basketball, the ethnic tide is different.
[B] Until recently, soccer becomes an important game, so many native Americans play it.
[C] It is the most popular game in the world, so many American citizens take up it.
[D] Although soccer is the most popular game in the world, American citizens in large numbers do not like first.
5.The author of the passage wants to tell us that ____.
[A] Americans like sports and sports reveal much about the changing ethnic structure of the United States.
[B] In Washington, several games are played in one day.
[C] Americans like all kinds of games.
[D] The American games are watched by native-Americans and played by people from different countries.
Keys to Passage 1
C A D B A
http://www.shangyepx.com/【閱讀理解提速技巧及仿真試題(3)】相關(guān)文章：
考研英語閱讀理解試題07-16
考研英語閱讀理解技巧10-21
英語閱讀理解的答題技巧08-13
考研英語的閱讀理解技巧10-08
中考英語閱讀理解技巧08-04
考研英語閱讀理解試題及答案09-23
考研英語閱讀理解技巧攻略07-02
語文閱讀理解解題技巧08-20
英語閱讀理解高分突破技巧10-14
高考英語閱讀理解高分技巧10-24