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12月英語六級翻譯技巧：虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣：與事實相反的
一、 if從句：
即 主句……, if 從句……
1、倒裝代替if從句：Had\Were\Should ……，主句…… 2、but for = without(如果不是)代替if從句， 兩個都是介詞 But for \without + 名詞 ，主句…… 3、with + 名詞 ，主句 ……
4、if only + (if 從句) 要是……該多好
二、賓語從句：
1、I suggest(表示命令;建議;請求) that …… shoule +do……
(在虛擬語氣中，shoule have done = ought to have done,其他時候should 不等于ought to) 2、I wish that ……(用虛擬語氣)
三、主語從句：
1、it is +adj\n that + 虛擬
2、it is +done(表示建議、要求)that + 虛擬
四、目的狀語：
Lest或者for fear that + (虛擬語氣)should do
五、隱藏虛擬語氣：
本打算做但結(jié)果沒有做的
1、had hoped\intended\planned\expected\wanted\meant to do 2、hoped to have done
3、be(was\were) + to have done 4、would\should like to have done Would have done 表意愿、將來
Should have done 竟然做了、本應(yīng)該做的 Could have done 有能力做 Might have done 表示猜測
Need have done 本來需要做的卻沒有做
六、主從句時間不一致情況下的虛擬語氣
有時條件從句中的動作和結(jié)果與主句中的動作，發(fā)生的時間不一致，這時動作的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。如：
1. 從句表示過去，主句表示將來：
�、�、 If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.
�、啤� If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。
2. 從句表示將來，主句表示過去： ⑴、 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.
3.從句表示將來，主句表示現(xiàn)在：
�、�、 If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.
4.從句表示過去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。
�、�、 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now. ⑵、 If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.
6.從句表示現(xiàn)在，主句表示過去
⑴、 If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去參加她的生日晚會了。 (從句說明現(xiàn)在，主句說明過去。 )
7.從句表示過去，主句表示過去和現(xiàn)在 ⑴、 If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.
在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。
(1) You wouldn't know. 你不會知道。
(2) I would like to come. 我愿意來。
(3) I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 這是我做夢也不會想到的。
(4) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他將那事講的非常仔細(xì)，簡直就象他親眼看見一樣。
條件從句中省略 if 采用倒裝語序的情況
在 if引導(dǎo)的表示虛擬的條件狀語從句中，有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、 be或 have的虛擬條件句中的連詞 if 省去，而將 had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前，即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
1). 原句： If she were younger, she would do it.
去 If： Were she younger, she would do it. (把動詞 were移到主語 she的前面 )
2). 原句： If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去 If： Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把 had移到主語 he的前面 )
3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.
4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.
5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.
6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.
假如我看了那部電影，昨晚我就可以和他們一起討論了。
7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.
假如我是一只小鳥，我就能自由翱翔。
8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.
要是下周能下雨的話，農(nóng)民們就能有個好收成了。
如果虛擬條件句中有 were, had或 should時，把它們放在 if的位置上 ;但是如果條件句中沒有 were, had或 should不能用倒裝。
⑴ Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的話，我們怎么辦呢 ? ⑵ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的話，我就向他請教了。
⑶ Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能夠做此工作，他就會得到一些錢。
在 "開放式條件句 "和讓步狀語從句中 should是被省略了的。在這種情況下，如果 if省略，動詞 be與主語的位置要倒裝。
⑴ If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有權(quán)起訴。 )
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
�、� Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是對還是錯，我都會支持她的。 )
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. ⑶ ____ ,I will take her as my wife. [A]Were she rich or poor [B]Being rich or poor [C]Be she poor or rich
[D]Whether is she poor or rich 注意：有時虛擬條件句并沒來 if 從句表示出來，而是用介詞短語 (otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式來表示。
⑴、 We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. ⑵、 Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. ⑶、 But for your help, I would not have succeeded. 有時虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個：
1. I could help you. (只有主句 )
2. If I had time. (只有從句 )
3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句 )
4. If he had much more money. (只有從句 )
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